Dosage Forms, Routes of Drug Administration, and Drugs Acting on the Eye

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on Dosage Forms, Routes of Drug Administration, and Drugs Acting on the Eye.

What are the sources of drugs?

Natural, Synthetic, Semi-synthetic, and Biosynthetic (genetically engineered).

Give examples of natural sources of drugs.

Plants, Animals, and Microbes.

List examples of drugs derived from plants.

Atropine (from Atropa belladonna), Morphine (from Papaver somniferum), and Nicotine (from Tobacco).

List examples of drugs derived from animal sources.

Insulin and Vaccines.

What is an example of a drug derived from microbial sources?

Penicillin (from Penicillium notatum).

What is an example of a biosynthetic sources of drugs?

Examples include human insulin

What are the categories of drugs based on accessibility?

Over-the-counter (OTC), Prescription-only, and Controlled substances.

What are the main dosage forms?

Liquids, Solid forms, Semi-solid forms, and Transdermal patches.

List the types of liquid dosage forms.

Aqueous preparations (Solutions, Syrups, Emulsions, Suspensions, Infusions, Decoctions, Lotions) and Alcoholic preparations.

What is a solution in pharmaceutical terms?

Solute + Solvent (e.g., Glucose 5%, 10%, 25% solution, Saline 0.9% and 0.45% solutions).

What is a syrup in pharmaceutical terms?

Water + Sugar + Flavoring agent + Drug.

What is a suspension in pharmaceutical terms?

Water + Solid insoluble drug particles + Suspending agent (gums).

List the solid dosage forms.

Tablets, Capsules, and Powders.

List the types of tablets.

Swallowed tablets, Effervescent tablets, Chewable tablets, Buccal and sublingual tablets, Controlled-release tablets, and Lozenges.

List the types of capsules.

Hard gelatin capsules, Soft gelatin capsules, and Controlled-release capsules.

List the types of powders.

Bulk and Effervescent.

List the semi-solid dosage forms.

Liniments, Ointments, Creams, Gels, and Suppositories.

What are the routes of drug administration?

Enteral, Parenteral, Inhalation, and Topical.

What are the enteral routes of drug administration?

Oral, Sublingual, and Rectal.

List the oral dosage forms.

Tablet, Capsule, Syrup, Suspension etc.

What are the advantages of the oral route?

Safe, Easy, Self-use, and No need for sterilization.

What are the disadvantages of the oral route?

Delayed onset, Not for unconscious patients, Destruction by gastric HCl or digestive enzymes, First-pass metabolism, and Gastric irritation.

What are the advantages of the sublingual route?

Rapid absorption and rapid effect and No first-pass hepatic metabolism.

List the disadvantages of the sublingual route?

local inflammation and irritation at the site of application and Advantages lost if swallowed.

List the types of enemas and their purposes.

Diagnostic (Permit X-ray imaging), Therapeutic (Introduce drugs), and Evacuant (Expel its contents).

What are the advantages of the rectal route?

Suitable for unconscious and non-cooperative patients and No first-pass metabolism.

What are the disadvantages of the rectal route?

Irregular absorption and May cause irritation or bleeding of rectal mucosa.

List the different types of parenteral administration.

Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intravenous, Intra-arterial, Intra-articular, and Intrathecal.

What are some examples of intradermal injections?

BCG vaccine, hypersensitivity test, and local anesthesia.

What are some examples of subcutaneous injections?

Insulin and Heparin.

What are the advantages of the intramuscular route?

Rapid, Larger amount than SC, and Oily drugs can be administered.

What is the disadvantage of the intramuscular route?

Pain at the site of injection.

What are the advantages of the intravenous route?

Immediate effect, No first-pass metabolism, and Suitable for large volumes and irritant drugs.

What are the disadvantages of the intravenous route?

Anaphylaxis, Rapid IV injection is dangerous with some drugs, Unsuitable for depot preparation, and Phlebitis and air embolism.

What are the therapeutic applications of Intrathecal route?

e.g. spinal anaesthesia and X-ray contrast media.

List the forms of drugs used in inhalation route

Gases, Vapours, and Aerosols.

Give an example of each of the forms of drug used in the inhalation route

Oxygen and general anaesthetic(Gases), Amyl nitrite (coronary dilator)(Vapours) and a fine mist of liquid by nebulizer or metered dose inhaler (MDI)(Aerosols)

What are the advantages of transdermal delivery system (TDS)?

Easy, Compliance, prolonged duration without fluctuations and Avoid hepatic 1st pass metabolism

Give examples of Transdermal delivery system (TDS)

nitroglycerine patch , fentanyl patch & Scopolamine patch

What is prescription?

A physician written order to a pharmacist for a specific medication for a specific patient.

What are the parts of the prescription?

Physician information, Patient information, Date, Superscription (R/), Inscription, Subscription, Transcription, and Physician's signature.

The dose of the narcotics should be written in?

numbers and litters.

What are the rules that applies to prescriptions?

State the route and State the frequency of administration

What are the causes of non-compliance with prescriptions?

Nature of the disease, Patients (age extremes, lonely), Complexity of regimen, Physician-patient relationship, and Inappropriate health beliefs.

What is reversal action of adrenaline on Blood pressure?

Adrenaline produce a phenomena termed biphasic effect. The effect of adrenaline can be reversed by use of alpha blocker e.g phentolamine , phenoxybenzamine

What are the steps for doing the curve Reversal action of adrenaline on blood pressure?

Inject 3ug/ml Adrenaline, Inject 3ug/ml Noradrenaline, Inject 1000 ug/ml phentolamine, Inject 3ug/ml Noradrenaline and Inject 3ug/ml Adrenaline

What are the steps on the curve for Effect of sympathomimetics on isolated heart?

Inject Epinephrine produces ↑ in both HR and contractility, Try other B1 stimulants e.g. Norepinephrine and Isoprenaline, Inject B1- Blocker e.g Propranolol, Inject Epinephrine rapidly before the action of propranolol ends No effect of epinephrine and Try other B1 stimulants e.g. Norepinephrine and Isoprenaline after propranolol

What are the steps for doing the curve Reversal action of Acetylcholine on blood pressure?

Inject Acetylcholine 5 ug/kg, inject Atropine 2000 ug/kg, Inject Acetylcholine 5 ug/kg and Inject Acetylcholine 150 ug/kg

What are the general steps on the curve for IV- Effect of Acetylcholine on isolated heart?

Inject Acetylcholine in both HR and contractility, Inject M- Blocker e.g Atropine, Inject Acetylcholine rapidly before the action of Atropine ends No effect of Acetylcholine

What are the autonomic nerve supplies to the eye?

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic.

What is the effect of parasympathetic nerve supply on the eye?

Contraction of the constrictor pupillae muscle (miosis), Contraction of the ciliary muscle (accommodation), and Increased lacrimal secretion.

What is the effect of sympathetic nerve supply on the eye?

VC of eye BV, Contraction of the dilator pupillae muscle (mydriasis), Contraction of the retrobulbar muscle (exophthalmos), and Ciliary muscle (relaxation).

What is the effect of Miotics on the pupil size?

decrease pupil size.

What is the effect of Mydriatics on the pupil size?

increase pupil size.

How does Miotics lower IOP?

Opening of filtration angle, Drainage of aqueous and Decrease IOP.

How does Passive Mydriatics raise IOP?

Closure of filtration angle, Impaired Drainage of aqueous and Increase IOP.