DNA Technology

Selective Breeding (inbreeding, hybridization), Mutations

Old way of DNA Manipulation

Genetic recombination transformation

foreign dna assimilated by a bacterial cell from its surroundings

Genetic recombination Transduction

dna transferred from one bacterium to another virus

Genetic recombination conjugation

dna transferred between bacterial cells that are temporarily joined together

genetic engineering

altering the dna of an organism to suppress or enhance the activities of its own genes and/or combining genetic material of different species

Biotechnology

the use of an organism or a component of an organism or other biological system to make a product or process

Recombinant DNA technology

taking a gene from one organism and placing it into another to form new combinations of heritable genetic material

recombinant DNA

dna sequence produced artificially by joining pieces of DNA from different organisms

genetically modified organism

a microorganism, plant or animal that possesses a genetically modified genome created using genetic engineering

Transgenic organism

organisms that have been genetically modified by brining in genetic material of a species different than the one being altered

Restriction enzyme (Restriction endonucleases)

enzymes that protect bacteria by cutting up foreign DNA from orher organisms or phages

used to isolate or cut out a specific gene of interest

sticky ends

single-stranded overhangs, can hold 2 pieces of DNA together to be linked by a ligase

blunt ends

ends with no overhang

DNA Ligase

joins DNA with matching ends

Vectors

suitable gene carrier that can replicate both itself and a foreign DNA segment linked to it

Plasmids

circular dna molecules in bacteria, contain just few genes but can contribute to survival if bacteria

Bacteriophages

virus that infects bacteria, undergoes lytic and lysogenic cycle

host

organism into which the recombinant dna is introduced

prokaryotic host

gram negative bacteria present in human and animal intestine

eukaryotic host

non pathogenic yeast used in the brewing and baling industry, more suitable to synthesize complex protein

gene gun

shoot pellets coated with dna on on plant tissues

heat shock transformation

heat shock treatment used to transfer plasmid dna into bacteria

gene cloning

process of making multiple identical copies of a single gene

isolation of genetic material, cutting the gene, choose vector, linking, insertion of recombinant dna

process of recombinant dna technology

dna recombination, dna insertion, selection, protein production

steps in gene cloning

dna recombination

cutting and pasting dna to produce rDNA

dna insertion

specially prepared bacterial or other host cells are subjected to conditions that encourage them to take up plasmid vectors

selection

recombinant host cells must be separated from cells consisting of just donor or just plasmid DNA

selection using antibiotic resistance

plasmids typically have an antibiotic resistance gene allowing the bacteria to survive in the presence of an antibiotic

selection using a nucleic acid probe

a labeled single-stranded dna or rna-probe is used to detect a specific gene by binding with its complementary sequence

protein production

growing a large culture of bacterial colony bearing the right plasmid

insulin

ensures that glucose is taken up by the cells for cellular respiration