Wars of the Roses - key facts
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Maine given up publicly
1449
When did opposition to the government grow
1445-50
Reasons for York returning
Clearing his name, replacing Somerset, loans repaid, taking the throne
When did York return from Ireland
1450
What did York do as he headed to London
Gathered a small army, sent out propaganda
York wanted to clear his name?
Cade had used Mortimer in his manifesto, and also stated that York should replace Suffolk. Led to rumours that York was involved in the rebellion.
York wanted loans repaid?
He had had to sell his manor and lands after the campaign in France and was owed ÂŁ26,000 from the government.
York wanted to remove Somerset?
York felt that he should be in Somerset’s position as chief councillor. Also blamed him for the loss of Normandy and his fortresses in Rouen.
York wanted to take the throne?
Man was executed in Ipswich because he plotted to put York on the throne. However, little evidence that York was involved in any plots - consistently spoke of loyalty to the King.
When was the attempted coup by York
1452
What happened in September 1451
Henry offered York a place on his Coventry Council, York turned it down
Where does York go in 1451 instead of Coventry
He goes to Ludlow
What does York do from Ludlow, and who supports him
Starts a propaganda campaign - sends letters to towns, organises pro-York protests and tries to raise armed support. Gains the support of Devon and Lord Cobham
When does York swear an oath of allegiance to the King
January 1452
Where does York meet the King’s army
Dartford
What does the King do to punish York
Makes him pledge allegiance and promise to never use force again for political means (does not charge him with treason or imprison him) and York is banned from court for a year and a half
Causes of the coup
York said he wanted to attack his enemies before they attacked him (no evidence that Somerset had planned anything), York wanted Somerset gone because of his failure in France, Henry had not addressed York’s accusations against Somerset
Reasons for the coup failing
Economy and campaign in France going well, no popular support, York did not have much noble support, Henry warned by the propaganda letters, Kent didn’t rise up, York wasn’t able to enter London, York’s actions seemed treasonous
When was Henry ill / incapacitated
August 1453 - January 1455
Possible causes of Henry’s illness
Margaret’s pregnancy, death of Shrewsbury, hereditary condition, strain from travelling
Impact of Henry’s illness
Chaos in the North (feuds increased with no judicial control), need for protector or regent, fear that Margaret would step in (she was French, a woman etc.), opportunity for York (someone in charge was needed)
Prince Edward was born
October 1453
Impact of Edward’s birth on Margaret
Had more motive to take power, wanted to secure his inheritance.
Impact of Edward’s birth on York
He was no longer heir presumptive - wanted more power
Impact of Edward’s birth on the factions
Margaret more closely linked to Somerset, he was involved in Edward’s christening
Why did Warwick and Salisbury ally with York
Warwick disliked Somerset because of a dispute over Glamorgan, and Salisbury disliked Somerset
Why did Northumberland (+ many Nevilles) and Exeter ally with Somerset
Northumberland had disputes with Warwick, and Exeter was angry about not being made protectorate
When was Somerset placed in the tower and why
November 1453 - perhaps for his own safety
What forced Parliament to choose a protector or regent
March 1454 - death of Cardinal Kemp, the Chancellor. Country needed a Chancellor and the King usually chose one.
Who did York choose as his chancellor
Salisbury - highly unusual
Evidence that York was working for his own benefit (1st protectorate)
Kept Somerset in tower, side-lined Margaret, appointed Salisbury as Chancellor, made himself Captain of Calais, protected Devon and had him acquitted of treason
Evidence that York was working for good of the kingdom (1st protectorate)
Restricted royal household spending (ÂŁ24,000 in 1450 to ÂŁ5,193 in 1455), did not replace Bonville with Devon (angered Devon), tried to protect wool trade and reform navy, defeated an rebellion by Exeter in May 1454 and did not execute him
When did Henry begin to recover
Christmas Day 1454
Impact of Henry’s recovery
Ended York’s protectorate, Somerset released, Exeter released, Salisbury replaced as Chancellor with the Archbishop, Wiltshire replaced Worcester as treasurer, York and Nevilles left court
Great Council called at Leicester
April 1455
What did the Yorkists do in response to the Great Council 1455
Stayed away, gathered forces and prepared for battle
Why were Yorkists worried about the Great Council 1455
Would be potentially arrested, indicted for treason and then given acts of attainment.
Yorkists (by May 1455)
York, Nevilles: Salisbury and Warwick
Lancastrians (by May 1455)
Percys (Egremont and Northumberland), Margaret, Somerset, Exeter and Clifford
What did both sides do before the battle of St Albans
sent messengers back and forth - started by Yorkists who demanded Somerset be handed over
Deaths at St Albans
Somerset, Northumberland (both hunted down), Clifford
What did the sons of those killed do
Joined the king’s army (Lancastrian army)
What did the Yorkists do after St Albans
Took Henry back to London, York made constable of England and Warwick made Captain of Calais
Did York fully take over government
No, did not replace Archbishop of Canterbury, cooperated with Parliament and therefore there was no dissent from nobles or parliament
What did Margaret do after the battle of St Albans
Retreated to midlands with her son, set up court in Coventry, sent for nobles that she trusted, wanted to take York down
Impact on York’s relationship with Henry
Henry seemed to accept York (closes adult male relative), he became King’s chief advisor. Henry had a ceremonial coronation where York gave him the crown
When did another power vacuum occur
Autumn 1455 - Henry had another breakdown, possibly from the effects of the battle
What happened to the Lancastrians at court after St Albans
They were excluded from power, Northumberland and Somerset no invited to council
York made protector for 2nd time
November 19th 1455
Note 
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