Chapter 8: Motivation + Emotion

Motivation

Factors that direct + energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

Instincts

Inborn patterns of behavior, biologically determined

Instinct approaches to motivation

Suggest people and animals are born with sets of behaviors essential to survival

Drive-Reduction approaches to motivation

Suggests lack of basic biological need produces drive to push an organism to satisfy that need

Drive

Motivational attention/arousal, energizes behavior to fulfill a need

Primary Drive

biological needs of body or species

Secondary Drive

Fulfills no biological need

Homeostasis

Tendency to maintain a steady internal state

(primary drives, feedback, loops, basic needs)

Arousal approaches to motivation

People try to maintain steady level of stimulation + activity → seek out ways to either reduce or increase levels

Incentive approaches to motivation

Motivation stems from desire to attain external rewards

Cognitive approaches to motivation

Motivation is a result of peoples thoughts, belief, expectations, and goals

Intrinsic motivation

Participates for enjoyment, no reward

Extrinsic motivation

Participates for a reward

Maslow’s hierarchy

Orders motivational needs

(biological needs, safe + secure environment, love + belonging, esteem, self-actualization)

Self actualization

State of self fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential

Glucose

Kind of sugar; regulates feelings of hunger

(monitored by hypothalamus)

Insulin

Store excess sugar in blood

Ghrelin

Communicates feelings of hunger to brain

Weight set point

Level of weight that body strives to maintain

Metabolism

Rate which food is converted to energy + expanded by body

Obesity

20% + above the average weight for person of certain height

obesity causes

1. Oversensitivity to hunger cues

2. higher weight set point

3. genetics

4. high levels of leptin

5. settling point

Leptin

Regulate food intake + energy exertion

Settling point

Determined by combination of genetics and environmental factors

Anorexia nervosa

Refusal to eat while denying their behavior/appearance unusual

Bulimia

Bins on large quantities of food, followed by vomiting or way to purge food

Bulimia causes

1. Chemical imbalances

2. orbitofrontal cortex (signals when satisfied)

3. genetic or societal

Androgens

Male sex hormones, secreted by testes

estrogens

Female sex hormones

Ovulation

Egg released from ovaries

Genitals

Male/female sex organs

Double standard

premarital sex is permissible for males, but not for females

Permissiveness with affection

Approval of premarital intercourse as long as couple has steady +affectionate union

Extramarital sex

Between married person and someone who is not spouse

Need for achievement

The desire to strive for and achieve challenging accomplishments

Growth mindset

Individual characteristics, developed through hard work

Fixed mindset

Characteristics are set at birth, cannot grow

Need for affiliation

Interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with others

Need for power

Seek impact, control, or influence over others to be seen as powerful individual

Emotions

Feelings that have physiological + cognitive elements that influence behavior

(prepare for action, shape, future behavior, help interactions)

James-Lange theory

Emotional experiences reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of external situation

Cannon-Bard theory

Physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously

Schuchler-Singer Theory

emotions are determined jointly by nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and it's interpretation → based on environmental cues

Facial-affect program

set of nerve impulses produce a facial display, reflecting on emotion that is universal across cultures

Facial-feedback hypothesis

facial expression, not only reflect emotional experience, also help determine how people experience and label emotions