Real Police Systems

The civil service system of government employent contrasts with the old

partronage system

Health related problems, family breakdowns, and alcoholism are all signs of

stress

The first stage in coping with a critical incident is

denial

The ability to have intuition that something is wrong is known as

the sixth sense

The most common motivator of sexual harassment is

power

A black officer mistreating a black suspect in order to gain respect of white officers is

double marginality

The patronage system existed prior to civil service and police hiring decisions were based on what

individuals political support (candidate) for whomever was in charge than on the applicants individual qualifications

Civil service commissions ensures employees in civil service positions

recieve specific protections like job security and equal pay for equivalent work

Why are police seeing a lack of qualified applicants

degree requirement, economy, and middle east war

The what is the most expensive and time consuming phase of the hiring process

background investigations

Polygraphs continue to be used because law enforcement believe

in their usefulness

How do officers identify when a person doesn't belong in a certain area

observation of the area and its ordinary conditions

What is a positive form of stress that doesnt harm the individual but is pleasurable, challenging, or exciting

Eustress

What is the first stage for coping with critical incidents

Denial

Usually non-specific or vaguely directed at the person who was shot, usually short lived, 2nd stage of coping

Anger and Resentment

Officer wishing the shooting never happened, 3rd stage of coping

bargaining

this stage lasts the longest, the severity depends on the basic personality of the officer, the trauma, the agency's response to the incident and other factors, 4th stage of coping

Depression

the officer begins to integrate the event into their life, last/5th stage of coping

Acceptance

What are the protected classes

race, color, religion, sex, national origin

What values are necessary for effective and safe police work

suspicion and cynicism

What are the 3 elements of culture

various themes, institutional themes, emotional expression

What is an institutional theme

a sense of agreement exists within a particular culture on how to accomplish valued objectives: chain of command

What is an institutional value that ubiquitous in policing

Personal responsibility

In larger squads there are how many officers, what are the groups called

25+, platoons or squads

Typical violent crimes that officers repond to are usually those between whom

friends and acquaintances

When a prosecutor takes a case there is what

an increased demand of the officers time

Police control is somewhat synonomous with what

order maintenance

A narcotics officer lying in the capacity of their position might fall under this component of subculture

art of deception

the public not having access to much of what happens in the world of law enforcement is

secrecy

policing is a male dominated career causing this component of subculture

masculine environment

danger+unpredictability=

suspicion

this is synonymous with order maintenance and can be direct or indirect

control

officers need to possess this attribute before entering the profession

bravery

this arises from doing police work, it is what officers see and how officers act on and react to their environment, the practical knowledge they use to do their work

common sense

much of police work is routine and predictable, but there is a potential at any moment for a violent altercation that could lead to taking a life, either the suspects or the officers

danger

this is concerned with the belief on the officers part that they represent a higher moral order

moral superiority

police officers perception that if you are not the police, you must be against them

us vs them mentality

police officers tend to learn every aspect of the area they are assigned to, they have a sense of ownership over the area

territoriality

danger can erupt at any moment and this lends meaning and excitement to the job

unpredictability

the job often requires officers to literally work alone, this can sometimes separate them from the community

isolation

this is a powerful contributor to police culture, wheter used, threatened to be used the emotions related to it are powerful

use of force

What are the 2 part decision made by police in a situation

whether to intervene, how to intervene

What did William Westly study

socialization for officers, which led officers to develop a tight knit culture characterized by secrecy and looking out for one another

What did Peter Manning study

Public image, police resort to managing their public image and the indexes of their accomplisments because their mandate automatically entails mutually contradictory ends, protecting public order and individual rights

What are James Wilsons policings styles

Legalistic, service oriented, watchman

Watchman Style

Order maintenance through control

Who does Jonathan Rubensteirns findings about officers perceptions of danger in their jobs echo

Jerome Skolnick (identified the concept of symbolic assailant)

What did Jerome Skolnick identify

Symbolic assailant, a person who officers think are potentially dangerous

What are William Muirs two dimensions of police ethical development

Perspective and passion

The extent to which an officer understands human suffering and is inclined to show compassion

perspective

how comfortable the officer is using coercive means to carry out their responsibilities

passion

Muirs four types of officers

professional style, enforcers, reciprocators, avoiders

those who are compassionate and comfortable using authority when the need arises

professional style

those who use force whenever the opportunity arises/ lack of compassion

enforcers

are compassionate and somewhat uncomfortable with their authority role

reciprocators

officers who avoid using force/do as little as possible/ avoid risk-taking behavior

avoiders

Michael Brown's officer types

agressiveness and selectivity

refers to an officers willingness to actively seek out problems

aggressiveness

Agressive officers that focus on serious felony type crimes

Old style crime fighters

What are the pros of discretion

promotes job satisfaction, autonomy, realistic goals, humanitarian principles, and is necessary for criminal justice efficiency

When does discretion come to the publics attention

when something goes wrong

Older officers are what

less apt to rely on discretion

It is likely universalistic perspective (focuses on the influence of peers/coworkers) is tied to what

the traditional factors that have prevaded most police agencies

What are the situational factors

scene and suspects, relationship between parties, offense seriousness, location, and bystanders

Officers attitudes toward cours run from what

very favorable to very unfavorable

Neighborhoods with ethnic or racial diversity are what

heterogeneous neighborhoods