Ap Biology-1-3

Acid

chemical substance that turns litmus paper red, with a pH less than 7, increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Acidic

containing the properties of an acid

Adhesion

the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means if hydrogen bonds

Base

substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, changes litmus paper blue with a pH higher than 7

Basic

containing the properties of the base

Chemical bond

attraction between 2 atoms, resulting from shared outer electrons or the presence of opposite charges in atoms, bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells

Chemical reaction

making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in composition of matter

Cohesion

linking together like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

Compound

substance containing 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

Covalent bond

strong chemical bond in which 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

Dissolve

when a solid becomes a part of a liquid to form a solution

Hydrogen bond

weak bond in which a hydrogen from one water molecule and an oxygen from another bond together

Hydrophilic

being attracted to water (having affinity for water)

Ion

atom that has gained or lost an electron giving a positive or negative charge

Ionic bond

chemical bond resulting from attraction between oppositely charged ions

Molecule

2 or mores atoms held together by covalent bonds

pH scale

measures whether a substance is a base or an acid (1-6 is acid, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is base)

Nonpolar covalent bond

electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms of a similar electronegativity

Polar covalent bond

covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity (1 atom becomes slightly negative, the other slightly positive)

Solution

a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substance

Specific heat

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change it's temperature by 1 degree C

Surface tension

strength of the surface of a liquid before it breaks (water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding)

Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

stores cell energy

Amino acids

makes up proteins, monomer of polypeptides (CHON)

Carbohydrates

a sugar or one of its dimers(disaccharides) or polymers

Cellulose

structural polysaccharide of a plant wall consisting of glucose monomers by beta glycosidic linkages

Dehydration synthesis

losing a hydrogen when making a polypeptide bond

DNA

double stranded helix with genetic information (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)

Disaccharide

a double sugar consisting of 2 monosaccharides

Disulfide bridges

strong covalent bond formed when sulfur of one molecule bonds to sulfur of another molecule

Fat

lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule (triglyceride)

Glycogen

polysaccharide stores carbohydrates in tissue

Monosaccharide

simplest carbohydrate(simple sugar), building block for disaccharides, ect

Nucleic acid

many nucleotide monomers (DNA and RNA)

Peptide

Compound containing 2 or more amino acids

Phospholipid

lipid made up of glycerol join by 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, hydrocarbon chains act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails while the rest acts as polar hydrophilic heads, form bilayer that functions as a biological membrane

Beta pleaded sheets

a secondary structure of a protein, 2 strands of polypeptide are side by side

Polymer

long molecule of many monomers

Polysaccharide

polymer of many monosaccharides, made through dehydration synthesis

Primary structure

first level of protein structure referring to specific linear sequence of amino acids

Protein

molecule consisting of polypeptides that fold and coil into a specific 3 dimensional structure

Quaternary structure

particular shape of a protein, defined by characteristic 3 dimensional arrangement of its subunits (polypeptides)

RNA

made up of nucleotide monomers, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases(adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine), protein synthesis, gene regulation, and genome of some viruses

Saturated

containing the largest amount if a particular solute

Secondary structure

repetitive coiling or folding of polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding (alpha helix or beta pleaded sheets)

Starch

Nutrient carbohydrate found in plants

Steroid

lipid characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached

Sucrose

disaccharide of fructose and glucose, found in plants

Sugar

sweet crystalline or powdered substance (monosaccharide)

Tertiary structure

shape of a protein molecule due to reactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

Triglyceride

main constituents of natural fats and oils, ester formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acid groups

Unsaturated

more solute can still be dissolved in the solvent

Wax

substance consisting of hydrocarbons or esters of fatty acids that are insoluble in water

Hydrophobic

having little attraction for water (having no affinity for water)

Hydrophobic interaction

weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water exclude water

Denatured

enzyme loses its shape therefore no longer works

Fatty acids

lipid

Glucose

energy plants get through photosynthesis, carbohydrate

Glycerol

byproduct of soap manufacture

Helix

held together by hydrogen bonds, (DNA is a double)

Hydrolysis

add water to break apart a polypeptide

Inorganic

doesn't have carbon

Lipid

fatty acid

CHMonomer

building block of a polymer

Nucleotide

building block of nucleus acid (CHONP)

Oil

hydrophobic liquid that has little attraction to water, a lipid

Organic

containing carbon

Peptide bond

bond of amino acids (formed by dehydration synthesis)

Solvent

dissolving agent of a solution (water is the best solvent)

Prokaryote

a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria

Eukaryote

a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Plasma Membrane

thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; composed of two layers of lipids (bilayer)

Cytoplasm/cytosol

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended; region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

Nuclear Lamina

a netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

Chromatin

combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Nucleolus

organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus

Endomembrane system

the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

Endoplasmic reticulum

an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

Glycoproteins

proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attached to them (carbohydrate "flag" or name-tag; lock-key)

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum ("corrupt fed-ex")

Lysosome

membrane-bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides (suicide sacs)

Phagocytosis

a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell

Vacuoles

Structure: Membrane surrounded "bags"; Small in animal cells; Large in plant cells.

Function: Storage of food, water, and other materials (food, contractile, and central).

Endosymbiont Theory

the theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

Cristae

infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (twisted-like spaghetti loops)

Mitochondrial matrix

the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle as well as ribosomes and DNA

Thylakoid

a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast (inner membrane), used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Granum

a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast

Stroma

fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Plastids

a family of closely related plant organelles (includes chloroplasts)

Peroxisomes

organelles containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substances to oxygen, producing and then degrading peroxide (H2O2)

Amphiphatic

a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

Fluid Mosaic Model

model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

Integral Protein

a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that completely spans the hydrophobic interior of the membrane

Peripheral Protein

a protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer

Glycolipid

a lipid with covalently attached carbohydrate(s).

Glycoprotein

a protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

Transport protein

transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the cell membrane.