Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3

fibrous

bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue (structural class)

cartilaginous

bones are joined by cartilage (structural class)

synovial

bones are connected by a fluid filled cavity (structural class)

synarthrosis

immobile joints (functional class)

amphiarthrosis

slightly moveable (functional class)

diarthrosis

freely moveable (functional class)

suture

fibrous structural class; skull bones; synarthrosis

gomphosis

fibrous structural class; teeth; synarthrosis

syndesmosis

fibrous structural class; tibia/fibula, radius/ulna; amphiarthrosis

symphysis

cartilaginous structural class; in-between vertebrae (fibrocartilage), pubic symphysis; amphiarthrosis

synchondrosis

cartilaginous structural class; ribs/sternum, epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage); synarthrosis

uniaxial/monaxial

movement in 1 plane

diaxial

movement in 2 planes

multiaxial

movement in 3 planes

hinge

synovial structural class; elbow, knee; uniaxial

ball and socket

synovial structural class; hip, shoulder; multiaxial

pivot

synovial structural class; atlanto-axial (neck); uniaxial

saddle

synovial structural class; thumb; biaxial

plane

synovial structural class; tarsals (ankles); biaxial

condyloid

synovial structural class; carpals (wrists); biaxial

flexion

movement that decreases angle of joint in the sagittal plane

extension

movement that increases angle of joint in the sagittal plane

dorsiflexion

elevates toes upward

plantar flexion

points the toes downward

circumduction

circular movement where one point is stationary and the other moves in a circle

abduction

movement away from midline

adduction

movement towards midline

pronation

movement that turns palms downward

supination

movement that turns palms upward

rotation

one bone spins on its longitudinal axis

elevation

movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

depression

lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane

inversion

movement that tips the soles of the feet medially, toward midline

eversion

movement that tips the soles of the feet laterally, away from midline

opposition

movement of thumb to touch another digit

properties of muscle tissue

excitable, contractable, elasticity, extensibility

excitable

responds to stimuli

contractable

shortens in length; pulls on other bones/organs

elasticity

recoils when tension is removed

extensibility

stretch/extend beyond resting

functions of skeletal muscle

movement, stability, temperature regulation, glycemic control

muscle fiber

muscle cell

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

skeletal muscle

bunches of fascicles

epimysium

outer layer of connective tissue

endomysium

surrounds muscle fiber/cell

perimysium

surrounds fascicle

glenohumeral

shoulder joint, ball + socket

coxal

hip joint, ball + socket

atlantoaxial

neck joint (no joint), pivot

proximal radioulnar

elbow, pivot

carpometacarpal of the thumb

thumb joint, saddle

humeroulnar

elbow, hinge

subtalar

ankle joint (inversion, eversion), plane

interphalangeal

little knuckles, hinge

femurotibial

knee joint, hinge

talocrural

ankle joint (dorsiflexion, plantar flexion), hinge

metacarpophalangeal

knuckles of the hand, condyloid

temporomandibular

jaw, condyloid/hinge

radiocarpal

wrist, condyloid

atlantooccipital

neck joint (yes joint), condyloid

tropomyosin

covers the active sites on actin

troponin

when calcium binds, protein that changes shape and removes tropomyosin from active sites

A bands

thick filaments and some thin - dark appearance

I bands

just thin - light appearance

H zone

just thick - M zone

M line

middle of sarcomere

Z discs

ends of sarcomere - thin filaments attach

thin

actin

thick

myosin

neuromuscular junction

region where motor neuron comes into close proximity to the muscle fiber

resting membrane potential

when the inside of the cell is more negative than the outside

Na-K pump

3 sodiums out, 2 potassiums in

ligand-gated ion channel

hormone/molecule binds to receptor

voltage-gated ion channel

opened by electrical signal - local changes in membrane

synaptic cleft

space between synaptic know and muscle cell

ACh receptors

ACh binds to - found in motor end plate

AChE

breaks down ACh into smaller parts to recycle it

synaptic vesicles

stores ACh

motor end plate

region of sarcolemma that has folds to increase surface area covered by the synaptic knob

synaptic knob

expanded tip of the axon

ACh

neurotransmitter

exocytosis

when a cell transports molecules out (think Ca triggers release of ACh)

synaptic knob

1) motor signal is sent down axon to _______ _______.

calcium (Ca)

2) this triggers a _________ influx into synaptic knob

ACh, vesicles, cleft

3) Ca triggers ____ to be released from synaptic ________ into the synaptic _________

receptors, motor

4) ACh binds to ACh __________ on the _________ end plate

Na, ligand

5) this opens the _____ _________-gated channels

sodium, end-plate

6) ________ then rushes into the cell - this creates the ____-_______ potential

voltage, positive

7) _______-gated channels open due to the _________ charge inside the cell

T-tubules

8) action potential is sent down the __-________ in the SR

Ca, terminal cisternae

9) ____ is released from the __________ ___________, the action potential going down the T-tubule triggers the release of Ca

troponin

10) Ca binds to __________

tropomyosin

11) triggers the release of ____________ from active sites on actin

ADP, Pi

12) ATP is broken into _____ and ____

myosin, cock

13) causes the ________ head to _____ back

actin, cross-bridge

14) myosin attaches to _______ in a ___________

powerstroke

15) ADP and Pi is released from myosin in a ____________

ATP

16) new _______ attaches to myosin after powerstroke

nerve

17) ________ signal stops