bio 30 mitosis/meiosis

mitosis

making more and more identical cells

meiosis

making gametes only

what is cloning an example of

asexual reproduction

therapeutic cloning

using stem cells to regenernate and then replace damaged tissues/organs

stem cells

undifferiented cells to become many different types of cells

reproductive cloning

cloning an entire organism

cloning procedure

any diploid cell form donor, an enucleated egg (no nucleus inside egg), electric current, toitipotent cell, implantation, baby (maybe)

diploid has how many chromosomes

46

pair 23 of chromosomes are what

always the sex chromosomes

what is when chromosomes duplicate themselves

identical sister chromatids

band at the chromosome

centromere

homologous chromosomes

identical pairs of chromosomes

cell cycle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

interphase consists of what

g1, s, g2

G1, G2

protein synthesis

S

synthesis (DNA duplicating)

4 steps of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase (4)

1. condensation of chromosomes

2. nuclear membrane dissappears

3. centrioles move to the poles

4.spindle fibres form

metaphase

chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and start to form in the middle

anaphase

chromosomes move away from each others pair

telophase

two nucleus's form but still attached together

cytokinesis

the actual seperation of the cell

cleavage furrow

the first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

apoptosis

cell death

telomeres

on ends of chromosomes

telomeres gone

the cell will no longer divide

spermatogonia and cancer cells have an enzyme

telomerase that keeps the cell living forever

cancer cells are = to

mitosis party, super fast mitosis happening, interphase is super short

meiosis is considered

sexual cell division

chromosomes get (meiosis)

cut in half

prophase 1

crossing over of genes between homologous chromosomes

genetic diversity

meiosis

metaphase 1

double file line instead of one homologous pairs line up along the middle

order of metaphase

gives genetic diversity

anaphase 1

one homologous PAIR moves towards centrioles (sister chromatids are not torn apart)

telophase 1

2 genetically diverse haploid cells, follow by brief interphase

meiosis 2

similar to mitosis

meiosis 2 final result

4 genetically diverse viable sperm/ 1 genetically diverse viable egg and 3 polar bodies

karyotype

picture of all 46 chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs

pairs #1-22

autosomal chromosomes

pair #23

sex chromosome

why use a karyotype

determining chromosome number

structural mutations

sex chromosome info

preparing a karyotype

sample of cells

cell in metaphase of mitosis

arrange chromosomes into homologous pairs

nondisjunction

occurs during anaphase 1 both homologous pairs move to the same pole will have too many or too little chromosomes

aneuploidy

different chromosome #

parthenogenesis

males absent form population females egg will combine w polar body

polyploidy

sets of chromosomes greater than the normal diploid number

polyploids (even)

fertile

polyploidys (odd)

unfertile - unable to form homologous pairs

chromatids

x2