APUSH 7.11-7.14 (WWII) (copy)

what had resulted after WWI?

• Disillusionment with World War I

  • Nye Committee

• European Post-war Problems

  • Poverty and unemployment

  • Territorial uncertainty

• Communism in the Soviet Union

• American Unilateralism (trying to bring peace to the world/stopping wars)

  • Military intervention

  • Private investments

  • Diplomatic treaties

what were some post-WWI agreements?

• Charles Evans Hughes calls 1921 Washington Conference

  • Disarmament to cut defense spending

  • US, Brit, France, Japan, + other countries agreed to:

• Five Power Treaty

  • Limit Battleships

• Four Power Treaty

  • Respect Pacific territories

• Nine Power Treaty

  • Open Door Policy by prohibiting the colonization of China and ensuring equal commercial opportunities for all nations within its borders

  • Territorial integrity of China

• Kellogg-Briand Pact

Kellogg-Briand Pact

• post WWI agreement

• No aggressive/offensive war (e.g. can’t invade another nation)

• Defensive wars were okay

• Not all nations signed it

• No way to punish violators

what was the main limitation of the league of nations?

• League of Nations was weak

• Rogue nations (that weren’t in pact) could end the peace

what was business & diplomacy like in the 1920s?

• Latin America

  • Protected American business in Mexico

  • Economic interests doubled

• Middle East

  • Secured oil rights

• Fordney McCumber Tariff

Fordney McCumber Tariff

• 25% increase

• Europeans = mad, so they also raised tariffs

• Weakened international trade

what were the WWI debts and reparations?

• U.S. was owed $10 billion

  • Britain and France complained

  • Germany could not pay reparations

• Dawes Plan

  • U.S. invested in Germany

  • Germany would pay Britain and France

  • Britain and France would pay the U.S.

  • Great Depression ended the plan

• Debt left hard feelings between nations

  • Euro nations technically paid debt via trade, which helped Amer economy while Euro economy was struggling

    • “Write it off as investment in democracy!” → Amer says no

  • Struggling Europeans resented American greed

why did FDR implement the good neighbor policy?

• interventionism in support of dollar diplomacy no longer made economic sense

  • U.S. businesses during the depression lacked the resources to invest in foreign operations

• rise of militarist regimes in Germany & Italy → FDR sought Latin Amer's cooperation in defending the region from potential danger

FDR’s good neighbor policy

• Cooperation and mutual protection in Latin America

• Pan American Conferences

  • Amer agreed not intervene in Latin American affairs unless Amer is asked

  • FDR pledged to send future disputes to arbitration

  • Act as a hemisphere for mutual security

• Cuba

  • Cuban Independence (nullifying Platt Amendment)

  • US kept naval base at Guantanamo Bay

• Mexico

  • Mexico seized oil properties

  • FDR refused corporate demands to intervene to take oil → US companies tried to negotiate a settlement

when the US agreed not to interfere with Latin Amer affairs unless asked (Pan-American conference), what previous policy did we repudiated?

• Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (by Teddy Roosevelt)

how did the Great Depression impact diplomacy?

• 1933 → FDR Recognition of the Soviet Union (communist)

  • He did this to inc US trade market, thus boosting economy

• FDR favored lower tariffs as means of inc int’l trade

  • Which he shouldn’t rlly have the pwr to do, but what the hell, the depression’s on, what else can you do

how did the US deal with the philippines during the great depression?

• Expensive to govern Philippines during depression

• Tydings-McDuffie Act

  • provided Filipino independence by 1946

  • Gradual removal of US military from islands

explain the rise of dictators

• REASON FOR THEIR RISE: Nationalism and economic hardship

• Italy

  • Benito Mussolini and Fascist Party 1920s

  • Glorify nation through force

• Germany

  • Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party

  • Gained control of legislature in 1930s

• Japan

  • Nationalists and militarists

  • Pressured the emperor to invade China (Manchuria)

    • best way to obtain raw materials = thru invading China

why did the US pass the neutrality acts?

• To ensure that U.S. policy would be

  strictly neutral if war broke out in Europe

name & explain each of the neutrality acts

• The Neutrality Act of 1935

  • authorized prez to prohibit all arms shipments

  • forbid U.S. citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations

• The Neutrality Act of 1936

  • forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents

• The Neutrality Act of 1937

  • forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain

spanish civil war’s impression on the US

• viewed Euro & US as ideological struggle btwn forces of fascism, led by General Francisco Franco, and the forces of republicanism, called Loyalists

• FDR + Amers sympathized w/ Loyalists but, bc of the Neutrality Acts, could not aid them

• Ultimately, in 1939, Franco's Fascists prevailed and established a military dictatorship

Stimson Doctrine

• US scolding Japan; wouldn’t recognize Japan as owner of Manchucko

• Ineffective… Japan kept doing what they’re doing

which invasions proved how unprepared the democracies were to challenge fascist aggression?

1. Ethiopia, 1935

   • In a bid to prove fascism's military might, Mussolini ordered Italian troops to invade Ethiopia

   • League of Nations and US objected but did nothing to stop the Italian aggressor

   • Italy conquers Ethiopia

2. Rhineland, 1936

   • This region in western Germany was supposed to be permanently demilitarized, according to the Versailles Treaty

   • Hitler openly defied the treaty by ordering German troops to march into the Rhineland

3. China, 1937

   • Full-scale war btwn Japan and China erupted in 1937 as Japan's troops invaded its weaker neighbor

   • U.S. gunboat in China, the Panay, was bombed and sunk by Japanese planes

   • Japan's apology for the sinking was quickly accepted by U.S. government

4. Sudetenland, 1938

   • Hitler insisted that Germany had a right to take over a strip of land in Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland, where most people were German-speaking

   • To maintain peace, the Brit prime minister & French prez, w/ FDR’s support, met with Hitler and Mussolini in Munich

   • At this conference in September 1938, the British and French leaders agreed to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland unopposed

     • you can do this just this once… but plz don’t do it again!

which event caused the US to begin getting prepared for war (but NOT entering it yet)?

• Hitler broke Munich agreement by sending troops to occupy ALL of Czechoslovakia

• clear that Hitler’s ambitions had no limit & war was probably unavoidable

which event resulted in war beginning in Europe?

• Sept 1 1939 → Germany invades Poland

• Brit & France declared war against Germany

• soon after, Italy & Japan join in as well

blitzkrieg

• “lightning war”

• germany used thruout war

• poland first to experience

how did US policy change after war broke out in Europe?

• US gradually gives aid to allies

  • FDR believed Brit survival = crucial to US security, so helped Brits a lot especially

• Amers strongly opposed Hitler but still wanted to stay out of war

• “Cash and Carry”

• Selective Training and Service Act 1940

• Destroyers-for-Bases

Destroyers-for-Bases

• In September 1940, Britain was under constant assault by German bombing raids

  • German submarine attacks threatened British control of the Atlantic

• FDR knew that selling U.S. destroyers to the British outright would outrage the isolationists

• So instead, he gave Britain older but still usable US destroyers

• U.S. could build bases on British territory in Caribb

what was the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, and how did isolationists react?

• Men 21-35 had to register for military training even tho war didn’t break out yet

• Isolationists strenuously opposed the peacetime draft, but they were now outnumbered as public opinion shifted away from strict neutrality

Cash and Carry

• The British navy still controlled the seas. Therefore, if the United States ended its arms embargo, it would help only Britain, not Germany.

• less restricted neutrality act

• belligerent could buy U.S. arms if it used its own ships and paid cash

• Technically, "cash and carry" was neutral, but in

• practice, it strongly favored Britain

when did FDR say the phrase “arsenal of democracy,” why did he say it, and what did he mean?

• 1940 Fireside Chat

  • “We must be the great arsenal of democracy”

    • Brit needs our help, & altho we won’t send soldiers, we will send guns, tanks, etc (Amer industry equipment) to help

quarantine speech

• FDR said that “freedom-loving nations” shouldn’t trade w/ Japan, Germany, etc.

  • putting Axis nations in “quarantine”

• Cong is mad bc this technically chooses a side in the war, which could be inflammatory

Four Freedoms Speech

• Jan 1941

• prez proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of

  U.S. war materials

• argued that the US must help others nations defend "four freedoms:" freedom of speech, religion, want, & fear

lend-lease act

• Mar 1941

• FDR proposed ending the cash-and-carry requirement of the Neutrality Act and permitting Britain to obtain all the U.S. arms

  it needed on credit.

  • e.g., US loan or leases military equipment to Britain

• The president said it would be like lending a neighbor

  a garden hose to put out a fire

America First Committee

• In 1940, after WWII began in Asia and Europe, isolationists became alarmed by Roosevelt's pro-British policies

• To mobilize American public opinion against war, they formed

  this org

• engaged speakers such as Charles Lindbergh

• traveled country warning against reengaging in Europe's troubles

Atlantic Charter- when, what, why

• Aug 1941

• Secret meeting btwn FDR & Churchill

• Churchill → thx for ur help so far but it’s not enough, plz get involved more

• FDR → Cong & Amer won’t like that

• Agreement made between them→ this is what is expected if US gets involved with war/its peace:

  • Self determination

  • no territorial expansion

  • Free trade

how did the US enter an undeclared naval war w/ germany?

• In July 1941

• prez extended U.S. support for Brit even further by protecting its ships from submarine attack

• FDR says to soldiers “don’t fire unless fired upon”

  • Unrealistic… you’ll only realize you’ve been fired upon when you’re alr half dead

  • E.g. U.S.S. Greer was sunk by Germany

• FDR then ordered navy to attack all German ships on sight

• this meant that the United States was now fighting an undeclared naval war against Germany.

what was the US’s response when Japan joined the Axis pwrs?

• prohibiting the export of steel and scrap iron to all countries except Britain and the nations of the Western Hemisphere

• in July 1941, Japanese troops occupied French Indochina

• Roosevelt then froze all Japanese credits in the United States and also cut off Japanese access to vital materials, including U.S. oil

• led to both nations trying to compromise but neither changed their positions

which event caused the US to officially enter WWII?

• Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii

how did the federal gov’t mobilize the home front?

• Mobilize people, industries, and creative and scientific communities

• War Production Board

  • Manage war industries

• Office of War Mobilization

  • Set production priorities and controlled raw materials

• Office of Price Administration

  • Froze prices, wages, and rents

  • Ration cards

• Federal Spending

  • Increased 1,000%

  • GNP grew 15% a year

  • Debt increased to $250 billion

how did the US’s involvement in WWII impact business & industry?

• Government contracts stimulated business

  • Ended the depression

• Unemployment disappeared

• Out-produced the Axis Pwrs 2 to 1

  • 300,000 planes, 100,000 tanks 53 million tons of shipping

  • Could create a warship in 14 days

• Most contracts went to largest companies

  • 100 largest corporations accounted for 70% of manufacturing

how did the US’s involvement in WWII impact research & development?

• Recruited scientists from colleges and labs

• Office of Research and Development

  • Led to improvements in…

    • Radar and sonar

    • Medicine

  • Invented…

    • Jet engines and rockets

• Manhattan Project

  • European scientists who fled to the U.S.

  • making atomic bomb

  • led by J. Robert Oppenheimer

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943

• empowered the President to seize and operate privately owned war plants facing labor strikes or lockouts if such actions were deemed detrimental to the war effort

• this law was a response to wartime labor unrest and aimed to ensure uninterrupted production crucial for the war effort.

• 1944 0 →Army operated railroads for a brief time

how did the US’s involvement in WWII impact workers?

• Unions and corporations had strike moratorium

  • Corporations were making huge profits...workers were disgruntled

  • John L. Lewis organized a couple of coal strikes

• Consumer shortages allowed Americans to save $

• Increase in Factory Jobs

  • Midwest and Pacific Coast

  • Factories and military bases

  • Warm climate and low costs

how did the US finance the war?

• Selling war bonds

• Increased income tax

  • Automatic deductions

    • Instead of filing taxes to gov’t at the end of the year, tax is automatically taken out of every paycheck

what was the purpose of wartime propaganda?

• Maintain morale 

  • Longer war than WWI

  • Even tho we are sacrificing things (e.g. eating foods/drinks we like), it is all for a good purpose

• Conserve resources

  • ration cards won’t let you consume lots of certain kinds of food, for example

• Increase war production

  • e.g. building more tanks, guns, etc.

Office of War Information

• Controlled news

• Patriotic music and movies

• Demonize the Enemy, but more along the lines of making fun of them

• “The Good War”

how did WWII impact Mex Amers?

• 300,000 in military

• Braceros

  • Mex farmworkers who were allowed to enter US in harvest season w/o going thru formal immigration procedures

• Zoot Suit Riots in L.A. 1943

  • caused by influx of braceros

how did WWII impact Native Amers?

• became soldiers and workers

  • job opportunities off reservation → many left them for good

how did WWII impact Afr Amers?

• Another migration from the South

• 1 million served in the military

  • Segregation, but more opportunity

• 1943 Race Riots in urban areas

• NAACP membership increased

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

  • formed to work more militantly for Afr Amer interests

• FDR also banned discrimination of afr amers in military

Double V

• in response to race riots & discrimination, Afr Amer leaders encouraged Double V

  • Defeat fascism abroad

  • Win equality at home

Smith v. Allwright 1944

ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

how did women’s role in society change upon the US’s entry into WWII?

• Over 200,000 served in the military

  • Non-combat roles

    • e.g. Flew cargo planes

• 5 million women entered workforce (included married women)

  • worked in heavy industry

  • Chief income earners

• still received pay well below that of male factory workers

how did WWII impact Japanese Amers?

• Suspected spies and saboteurs

  • Fear of an invasion

• Executive Order 9066

  • Relocated hundreds of thousands 

  • Internment camps away from home

• Korematsu v. United States 1944

  • Supreme Court ruled internment was justified

• 20,000+ served in the military

• 1988 → financial compensation for internment

when the US joined the war, why did they target Germany/Euro first (e.g. why didn’t they get revenge on Japan for Pearl Harbor)?

• Most of resources and men against Germany

• Just enough to stop Japanese advancement

what was the turning point of the war in Europe?

Soviets defeated Germany at Stalingrad 1942

how did the allies interact w/ the middle east?

• allies had to drive German occupying forces out of their advance positions in north afr & Mediterranean

• Operation Torch 1942

  • led by US General Eisenhower

  • Victory at El Alamein

  • access to oil and Mediterranean

• Sicily 1943

  • Prelude to invasion of Italy

  • Mussolini was overthrown and executed

  • Diverted German forces

D-Day

• June 6 1944

• Eisenhower was in charge

• Assault across English channel

• Paris was liberated

• Largest amphibious assault

events leading up to victory in Europe

• after liberation of France, Allies & Axis pwrs race to Berlin

• Battle of the Bulge

  • last desperate attempt by Germany to counter Allies

• Soviets reach Berlin 1945

  • Hitler killed himself

• OTW to Berlin → Evidence of the Holocaust

which nation was mostly responsible for fighting Japan?

US

Battle of Midway

• 1942

• U.S. sunk 4 Japanese carriers

• Destroyed 300+ planes

• Ended Japanese expansion

• turning point

what was the U.S.’s strategy in fighting against Japan?

• island hopping

  • Attack specific islands

  • Isolate Japanese strongholds

  • Get closer to mainland Japan

describe the major battles that took place in Japan

• General MacArthur

  • Leader of Allies in Asia

• Battle of Leyte Gulf

  • Destroyed most of the Japanese Navy

• Battle of Okinawa

  • Kamikaze attacks on US ships

    • Mass suicides of Japanese soldiers

  • Invasion of Japan would cost many lives

outcome of election of 1944

• FDR was victorious again

• VP candidate was Harry Truman

• FDR died April 12, 1945

• Truman took over

  • cong purposefully choose truman to be vp bc fdr was gonna die n they knew that, wanted someone inexperienced so they can take pwr back from presidency

  • Did not know of the Manhattan Project until after becoming prez

  • Took over control of the war

what events (on the US end) led up to the bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki?

• Manhattan Project

• J. Robert Oppenheimer

  • Los Alamos Lab

  • 1945 successful test

  • Made bomb to end war, but didn’t necessarily want it to be used

• Pamphlets dropped on Japan saying “Surrender or risk being utterly destroyed”

  • Japan refused to surrender

• August 6, 1945

  • Hiroshima bombed

• August 9, 1945

  • Nagasaki bombed

• 250,000 dead

• Japan surrenders

what is one big difference btwn WWI & WWII in terms of morality?

•  WWII has MANY civilian casualties (normal ppl dying); WWI, not so much

why was postwar diplomacy difficult?

• US had tenuous Alliance with the Communist Soviet Union

• Truman had little interaction w/ Allies while VP → awk when he had to take over for FDR

what was the purpose of the wartime conferences btwn the big 3, and name when/where they happened

• Big Three

  • FDR, Churchill, Stalin

  • Met to coordinate strategy and policies

• Casablanca 1943

• Tehran 1943

• Yalta 1945

Big 3 meeting - Tehran 1943

• FDR, Churchill, and Stalin

• Brit & Amers liberate France in 1944

• Soviets would invade Germany and then Japan

Big 3 meeting - Casablanca 1943

• FDR and Churchill (Stalin couldn’t go bc stuff going down in Stalingrad, ppl need him)

• agreed to:

  • Invade Sicily and Italy

  • Demand unconditional surrender from Axis pwrs

Big 3 meeting - Yalta 1945

• Last meeting of the Big Three

• Divide Germany into occupation zones

• Free elections in Eastern Europe

• Soviets would invade Japan

• Soviets would have special concessions in Asia

• Conference in San Francisco for a new peace organization (soon to be UN)

• Set the postwar map of Europe

• Gave the Soviets power

  • Criticized as appeasement

Potsdam Conference 1945

• New Three

  • Truman, Stalin, Attlee

  • Division of Germany and Berlin btwn these pwrs

• Soviet Relations

  • USSR wants atomic bomb info → Truman says no

  • Punishment of leaders of Germany

    • Nuremberg Trials

  • Truman wanted to be tough on Communism

• Set up the Cold War that would follow

how did the US end up in comparison to other countries involved in the war?

• United States infrastructure was not damaged

• Emerged wealthier than other countries

• Most powerful nation on Earth

• Postwar leader of the world

describe the formation of the UN

• Congress accepted admission into UN

• April 1945 → meeting in San Francisco to discuss UN

  • Delegates from 50 nations

  • Drafted a charter

  • Headquarters would be in U.S.

  • Security Council

    • 5 main countries that have veto power