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Direct questions
A question for which the answer is YES or NO
Uses:
ne (open)
nonne (surely.. - expecting yes)
Num (surely..not - expecting no)
Examples:
Audivistine? Do you hear?
Nonne audivisti? Surely you heard?
Num audivisti? Surely you didn’t hear?
Question words
Quando = when
Cur = why
Ubi = where
Quo = where to
Unde = where from
Quis = who
Quid = what
Quam = how
Quantus a um = how big/how much
Quot = how many
Qualis e = what sort of
Quomodo = how
Direct command
A direct command uses the imperative, often together with a vocative:
Festina, serve! = Hurry slave!
A negative direct command uses noli (pl nolite) with the infinitive:
Noli audire! = Don’t listen!
Ablative absolute
An ablative absolute is a phrase usually made up of a noun and a participle, grammatically unconnected with the rest of the sentence:
Example:
Urbe capta, cives perterriti erant
After (or because) the city had been captured, the citizens were terrified
The comma separates the two sentences indicating that it is an ablative absolute
Relative clauses
The relative pronoun
Qui
Quae
Quod
Agrees with its antecedent (the noun it refers back to) in number and gender, but takes its case from the job it does in its own clause (which has an indicative verb):
Example:
Servus quem heri vidi iterum adest
The slave whom I saw yesterday is here again
Conditionals
Shape: If X, (then) Y
The word for if is ‘si’
Negative is ‘nisi’ (if…not or unless)
Simple conditionals have ordinary indicative verbs and translate naturally:
Si multos amicos habes, felix es
If you have many friends, you are fortunate
Hidden future where Latin uses the future tense but it is translated as present
Si audies, omnia intelleges
If you listen, you will understand everything
