Units 1-4

studyig for the finals, all the flashcards in one!

English Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings, applied to all of England. It began as a system of laws not codified (written) in the Middle Ages, formalized after the Norman invasion, and has a legacy today in the United States legal system

Magna Carta

(1215) A document that contains ideas that nobles had certain rights and monarchs had to obey the law, they would shape English government in the future in regards to limitations on monarchy, and the idea of Divine Right "Not the birth certificate of democracy, but the death certificate of despotism"

Parliament

A council first established in the 1200s, that consists of the king, bishops, and baron/lords, that assisted the king's decisions in making new laws, government systems, and taxes.

Estates General

A representative body made up of 3 estates (houses) representing the different classes in the French hierarchy (church, nobility, common). This representative body never won the "power of the purse" like English parliament, so it never served as a check to royal power.

Holy Roman Empire

(800-1806), Emperors ruling didn't really gain a huge amount of power. They saw themselves as heirs of Ancient Rome. Further, the Emperors tried to interfere with church matters and were in conflict with the popes. Charmin's death led to disintegration, which created separate states.

Reconquista

710-1492 Period in Spanish/Portuguese history that describes the Christian leaders efforts to "reconquer" Spain from the Moorish (Muslim) invasion. Ferdinand and Isabella complete the reconquista by defeating Moorish forces at Granada in 1492.

Ferdinand and Isabella

1469, Unified Spain with their marriage. sought religious unity within Spain. Was accomplished, but many skilled workers who were non-christian fled or were killed, undermining Spain's economy.

Inquisition

1480-1495, used as a police force to keep Catholics in line and to persecute converted and unconverted Muslims and Jews. In the 15 years of activity, over 2,000 people were burned at the stake and over 150,000 fled Spain.

Scholasticism

The idea of using reason to support Christian beliefs

Thomas Aquinas

1225-1274, Wrote summa theologica this concluded that faith and reason can exist in harmony. He brought Christians and logic together.

Vernacular language

The language of the everyday people, as opposed to that of the clergy (e.g., Latin). Ex. English, French, Dutch, German.

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy

(c. 1300) An epic poem that takes the reader through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. It summarizes Christian ethics and demonstrates Christian punishment systems.

Geoffery Chaucer Canterbury Tales

1340-1400, English writer whose novel tells a story of a group of pilgrims, each telling a story to add to the picture of medieval life.

Romanesque

1000s, buildings that reflect Roman influence, including thick walls, no or small windows making them feel dark and gloomy.

Gothic

Architectural/ Artistic Style. 1140 Abbot Suger wanted a bright church contrary to the Romanesque Style. Builders come up with flying buttresses, external support allowing for thinner and taller walls and large stained glass windows. Glass windows showed religious themes.

illuminated manuscripts

1300-1400/ Decorations/paintings in books made and used by monks, nuns and artisans. The book of hours included biblical scenes and daily life to help inspire devotion for the illiterate.

Black Death

in 1347 an epidemic of the Bubonic Plague reduced the population of Europe by 1/3. While it may have ruined many family trades, in the long run it improved Europe's economy.

Flagellants

Religious fanatics that beat themselves in hope that God would recognize their self-punishment and save them from The Plague

The Great Schism

After Pope Gregory XI's death, Urban VI became pope in Rome. Officials said he was invalid. French cardinals elected Pope Clement VII in 1378, who moved to Avignon. Urban stayed in Rome. Bishops meet in 1409, and elected one pope to replace Urban and Clement, who both refused to step down, resulting in three popes. In 1417, Pope Martin V was elected to replace them. The motion succeeded, and Martin moved the papacy back to Rome.

John Wyclif

Mid 1300s

Jan Hus

(c. 1369-1415) University teacher in Prague. Agreed with Wyclif's ideas on corruption in the church, and preached that an Italian pope should not influence affairs in Bohemia. At the Council of Constance, he was convicted of heresy despite being told he would not be tried. Burned at the stake. His followers continued to fight the church.

The Hundred Years' War

(1337-1453) King Edward III of England claimed the French crown, which resulted in war between England and France over wanting Norman lands, and control of the trade in the English Channel. Driven by national pride the war continued. England won early thanks to longbow. France answered with cannon. Struggle for national identity.

Joan of Arc

1429, she met the uncrowned King of France, Charles VII, and claimed she had divine instruction to rescue France. She led the country to several victories over England, before her capture and execution. Later canonized. Her death motivated France and resulted in the French victory during the 100YW.

Babylonian Captivity

Period in which the Papacy was centered in Avignon, not Rome. (1309-1378) Seven Popes resided here and were heavily influenced by the French crown.

War of the Roses

An English civil war during the 15th century. The two sides were The House of Lancaster and The House of York. The nobility and landed gentry struggled for control of the English throne. After nearly 30 years, a Lancaster took the throne.

Pope Clement VII

(r. 1523-34) Pope during the Sack of Rome. Also refused to recognized Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon, which led to the English Reformation.

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a nation, especially in the sense of exalting one above all others and placing primary emphasis on the promotion of its culture and interests

Pope Urban VI

1378-1389, last pope elected who was not a cardinal. His election followed the "Babylonian Captivity" of Avignon Popes, ultimately led to the Great Schism of the Church where multiple 'Popes' claimed to rule the Church. Began the fracture and mistrust which ultimately contributed to the Reformation.

The Conciliar Movement

The idea based on the premise that the state was the great unifier of society and that the church should be subordinate to the state. Further, church leadership should rest in a general council of laymen and priests superior to the pope. Reform of the church could best be achieved through periodic assemblies representing all Christians.

Lollards

Initial followers of John Wycliffe in the late 14th century, they demanded change within the church and a return to the vows of poverty demanded by Christ, even questioning the authority of the Pope. They distributed Bibles and incorporated women in the movement. The ideas heavily influenced Jan Hus and later, Martin Luther.

merchet

A Middle Age 'fine' paid in England to a lord upon the marriage of a peasant woman under his domain, based on the idea that he was losing a valuable worker. The fine was usually paid by the bride's father.

banns

a public announcement by a parish priest that a couple planned to marry; the purpose was to reveal any obstacle to the union, such as a previous marriage by one of the parties

Jacquerie

A French peasant uprising in 1358, largely as a result of the Hundred Years War. Peasants were forced to pay the taille (land tax) to pay for the war, serve the Corvee (forced labor where they had to repair the homes and lands of nobles), and defend the chateau (manor houses). They were forced to do this in service of a nobility that fled the field at Poiters and failed to suppress banditry in the countryside. The resulting violence and suppression of the peasants was extremely violent.

Francois Villon

Best known French poet from the Late Middle Ages. Banished from Paris for killing a man in a fight, joined the wandering band of thieves that harassed the countryside after the 100 Years War. Composed ballads in thieves' jargon, wrote Lais (series of bequests to friends and enemies) and the Grand Testament.

Christine de Pisan

Italian and French author, served as a court writer for dukes; wrote poetry and prose including biographies and books containing practical advice for women; writing was marked by her knowledge of aristocratic custom, fashion and the practice of chivalry. Perhaps best known for her "Treasure of the City of Ladies"

fur collar crime

After the 100 YW financially strapped nobles used their social status to rob the weak and corrupt the judicial process; government was too weak to prevent nobles from intimidating witnesses, threatening jurors, and bribing judges; led to peasant revolts and the creation of folk legends like Robin Hood who represent the struggle against tyranny and oppression.

In 1846 John Collins Warren performed the first successful dental surgery using this type of drug which prevents pain during surgery.

Anesthetic

A movement in which rich landowners took over and consolidated land formerly shared by peasant farmers. This resulted in many farm laborers thrown out of work and these jobless workers migrated out.

Enclosure

(1736-1819) Scottish inventor who improved on Thomas Newcomen's steam engine with his own more efficient version in 1781, He developed the concept of horse power.

James Watt

Using coal instead of charcoal to separate iron from it's ore. This resulted in less expensive and higher quality iron.

Smelt

money contributed (used to fund)to a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.

Capital

A business or company organization in areas such as shipping, mining, railroads and capital factories. Many used capital to invest into these types of businesses or companies.

Enterprise

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Entrepreneurs

Group fabrication that died out in the industrial revolution. Each family or household fabricates or modifies a part of a final product.

cottage industry

Designed and Patented the cotton gin. Attempted to make farmers pay to process cotton rather than mass producing cotton gins.

Eli Whitney

a toll canal, bridge, or road that people paid to use to transport things quickly.

Turnpikes

A City (or the soccer team) in northwestern England; one of the greatest ports and largest cities in Britain, and the country's major outlet for industrial exports.

Liverpool

City in northwestern England (or the soccer team) about thirty miles east of Liverpool.Manchester is one of England's most important economic, industrial, trade, and finance centers, and the heart of the most densely populated area of England.

Manchester

Due to demand of workers, changing farms and soaring population people moved to cities from farms.

Urbanization

Multi Story building divided into apartments (usually the home for the poor).

Tenements

Illegal worker organizations among frustrated British workers who wanted worker reforms, increased pay and were sometimes violent.

Labor Unions

British Economist, saw the effects of population explosion. Published an essay "An Essay on the Principle of Population"

Thomas Malthus

British philosopher and economist that advocated utilitarianism. Supported individual freedom.

Jeremy Bentham

The greatest good for the greatest number.

Utilitarianism

The idea that people as whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production. Grew outside of enlightenment faith. Followers established communities where all work shared and property owned in common.

Socialism

Farms, factories, railways and other large business that produced and distributed goods.

Means of Production

18th Century Supporter of Utopian-ism. Setup a community in New Lanark, Scotland.

Robert Owen

(1818-1883)-German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development. Wrote Communist Manifesto.

Karl Marx

A name for the working class in the mid-18th century.

Proletariat

Political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of system.

Social Democracy

Developed process to create steel from iron.

Henry Bessemer

Late 18th Century Swedish Chemist, invented dynamite for construction purposes but would later be used in warfare. Earned a fortune which he used to fund Nobel Prizes.

Alfred Nobel

Invented plate generator dynamo in 1832.

Michael Faraday

A device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Dynamo

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Assembly line

Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874-1937)

Guglielmo Marconi

Shares in companies.

Stock

Businesses owned by many inventors.

Corporations

The founder of modern bacteriology, he is known for his role in identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease

Robert Koch

founder of modern nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods

Florence Nightingale

English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912)

Joseph Lister

Rebuilding of poor areas of a city.

Urban Renewal

nonprofit organizations designed to provide their members with financial and social benefits, often including medical aid, life insurance, funeral costs, and disaster relief

Mutual Aid Societies

measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society. All due to Farmers eating more variety, better home, dress inexpensive, mass produced clothing, used subways/trolleys and had many advances in medicine.

Standard of living

The idea that men should work while women kept house and raised children

Cult of Domesticity

social movement against the use of alcohol/alcohol consumption

Temperance Movement

A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868

1870.

women's right to vote

Women's suffrage

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Sojourner Truth

English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures

John Dalton

English naturalist and geologist, he proposed very conversational theories in his ¨on origins of species¨ such as all forms of life evolved. He also proposed his theory of Natural Selection. which was the idea that physical traits are passed on to offspring leading to the survival of the fittest. These theories lead to Social Darwinism although Darwin never commented on this idea in either way.

Charles Darwin

prejudice, discrimination directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior. Social Darwinism was used as a excuse to justify racism during the Industrial Revolution.

Racism

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Social Gospel

A power loom is a mechanised loom powered by a line shaft, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. The first power loom was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785.

power loom

Device patented by James Watt in 1781. Creates mechanical energy from burning coal to evaporate water.

steam engine

a Scottish engineer who equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage; placed a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock on top.

John McAdam

Designed and built the Liverpool to Manchester Rocket railroad.

George Stephenson

A steam-powered locomotive; opened in 1830 and extended 30 miles from Liverpool to Manchester, England; reached speeds of 16mph while pulling a 40-ton train

The Rocket

Urged people to grow turnips for exhausted soils.

Charles Townshend

Pioneer in the field of selective animal breeding. He bred animals for certain characteristics.

Robert Bakewell

The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves

spinning jenny

The water frame is the name given to a spinning frame, when water power is used to drive it. Both are credited to Richard Arkwright who patented the technology in 1768. It was based on an invention by Thomas Highs and the patent was later overturned.

water frame

Samuel Crompton's spinning machine which combines the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame, producing fine, strong thread; also, an animal that goes hee-haw.

mule

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Commercial Revolution

Banned formation of joint-stock companies in Britain unless approved by royal charter. Designed to prevent people from capitalizing on government debt. (bubble scheme)

Bubble Act

allowed for limited liability for business owners, repeal of Navigation Acts and repeal of Corn Laws; liability restricted by law or contract as the liability of owners of shares in a corporation.

Lowes Act

Measures enforced in the United Kingdom between 1815 and 1846, which imposed restrictions and tariffs on imported grain. They were designed to keep grain prices high to favor domestic producers.

Corn Laws

An English iron master who began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron (or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1783 he patented the puddling process for refining iron ore.

Henry Cort

Small kids on hands and knees working by picking up cotton under the machines in the factories.

scavengers

a child employed in a spinning mill to join the ends of broken threads. This very dangerous job led to many injuries and even death.

piecers