Genetics and Inheritance Review

These flashcards cover key concepts in genetics and inheritance, derived from lecture notes, to prepare for the exam.

What do mitochondria synthesize inside the organelle?

Some of their own proteins.

What type of genes are mitochondria similar to?

Bacterial genes.

What is the study of gene modifications that alter gene expression called?

Epigenetics.

What is the genotype of a sinistral female when mated with a sinistral male producing dextral progeny?

Dd.

What percentage of F2 snails will have a dextral coiling pattern when all F1 progeny are dextral?

100%.

Where are the genes determining leaf coloration located in four o'clock plants?

In the chloroplast genome of the egg.

What is extranuclear inheritance?

The inheritance of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.

In snail shell coiling, what controls the twisting of the shell?

A gene in the embryo that is maternally inherited.

Who originally identified a highly condensed structure in the interphase of nuclei?

Barr.

Which nucleotide modification occurs in imprinting a gene?

Methylation.

What contributes to the coat color of calico cats?

X-inactivation.

Which category of genes is typically not encoded in cpDNA?

Genes encoding nuclear proteins.

What issue does dosage compensation address?

Differences in the number of sex chromosomes.

Heteroplasmy is associated with which inheritance patterns?

Chloroplasts.

What happens to paternal mitochondria in mammals?

They are marked by ubiquitin for destruction.

What is true about mitotic recombination?

It can produce portions of tissue with different allele combinations.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Oxidative phosphorylation.

What describes the expression of either the maternally or paternally inherited allele?

Genomic imprinting.

What are PAR1 and PAR2 examples of?

Pseudoautosomal genes.

X-chromosome inactivation depends on what?

X-inactivation center and Xist.

What is a physical place of a gene in a chromosome called?

Locus.

Why does X-inactivation occur in mammals?

To equalize X-linked gene expression between XX females and XY males.

What is the wrong statement about linked genes?

If two genes are completely linked, recombinant offspring will still appear due to independent assortment.

Which gene pairs would have the lowest recombination frequency?

Genes 2 map units apart.

What is recombinant offspring?

An offspring that has a combination of alleles different from either parent.

What is Jimmy’s favorite phrase?

Good morning!

What is Dr. Sizova’s son’s name?

She doesn’t have a son, she has a daughter.

Who was Dr. Sizova on Halloween?

Witch.

What is the most popular question in our class?

Will that be included in the exam?

What can mitochondria have more than one copy of?

Their chromosome.

What is a trait of sinistral snails when bred with dextral snails?

All dextral progeny.

Which type of inheritance involves genetic material outside the nucleus?

Extranuclear inheritance.

In which genome is the gene for leaf color located in four o'clock plants?

Chloroplast genome.

What does the presence of heteroplasmy indicate?

Multiple mitochondrial genotypes within a cell.

What does dosage compensation adjust for in females?

X-linked gene expression.

What is true about crossing over in linked genes?

It decreases the likelihood of recombination.