Intro To Psychology: Exam 1
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99 Terms
Q: What makes psychology a science?
A: Uses the scientific method to study behavior and mental processes.
Q: What is pseudoscience?
A: Claims presented as scientific without evidence (e.g., astrology).
Q: What are the four goals of science?
A: Description, Prediction, Explanation, Application.
Q: Why do a literature review?
A: To avoid duplication, build on past research.
Q: What’s a construct?
A: Abstract variable (e.g., stress, intelligence).
Q: Why random assignment?
A: Reduces bias, increases validity.
Q: Why informed consent?
A: Protects participants’ rights and safety.
Q: Purpose of IRB?
A: Ensure ethical treatment of research participants.
Q: Why is replication important?
A: Confirms findings are reliable.
Q: How many chromosome pairs do humans have?
A: 23 pairs (46 total).
Q: Dominant vs Recessive alleles?
A: Dominant shows effect if present; recessive needs 2 copies.
Q: Genotype vs Phenotype?
A: Genotype = genetic makeup; Phenotype = physical traits.
Q: What is natural selection?
A: Traits aiding survival/reproduction passed on.
Q: What is sexual selection?
A: Traits aiding mate attraction.
Q: Monozygotic vs Dizygotic twins?
A: Monozygotic = identical; Dizygotic = fraternal.
Q: What is heritability?
A: Percentage of trait variation due to genetics.
Q: CNS vs PNS?
A: CNS = brain + spinal cord; PNS = rest of nerves.
Q: Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic?
A: Sympathetic = fight/flight; Parasympathetic = rest/digest.
Q: Parts of a neuron?
A: Axon (sends), Dendrites (receive), Myelin (speeds), Synapse (gap), Neurotransmitters (chemicals).
Q: Frontal lobe function?
A: Decision-making, planning, movement.
Q: Hippocampus function?
A: Memory.
Q: Amygdala function?
A: Emotion, fear.
Q: What is brain plasticity?
A: Brain’s ability to adapt/change.
Q: Who was Phineas Gage?
A: Case study showing frontal lobe injury affects personality.
Q: Sensation vs Perception?
A: Sensation = detecting; Perception = interpreting.
Q: What is transduction?
A: Converting stimuli into neural signals.
Q: Weber’s Law?
A: JND is a constant proportion of stimulus.
Q: Absolute threshold?
A: Minimum detectable stimulus.
Q: Rods vs Cones?
A: Rods = low light; Cones = color vision.
Q: Trichromatic, Opponent-process, Monochromatic theory?
A: Trichromatic = 3 cones (RGB); Opponent-process = opposing color pairs. Monochromatic = 1 cone type; Dichromatic = 2 cone types
Q: Gestalt principles?
A: Proximity, Similarity, Continuation, Closure, Figure/Ground.
Q: Binocular vs Monocular depth cues?
A: Binocular = convergence, retinal disparity; Monocular = size, interposition, perspective, motion parallax.
Q: What did the visual cliff experiment show?
A: Infants have depth perception early.
Q: What is Empiricism?
A: Knowledge from observation/experience.
Q: What is Skepticism?
A: Questioning claims until supported by evidence.
Q: What is Confirmation bias?
A: Tendency to seek info supporting existing beliefs.
Q: What kind of settings do psychologists work in?
A: Clinics, hospitals, schools, businesses, government, research labs.
Q: What is Description?
A: What is happening.
Q: What is Prediction?
A: What will happen.
Q: What is Explanation?
A: Why is happens.
Q: What is Application?
A: Using knowledge to help others.
Q: What is Correlation?
A: Relationship; not cause.
What is Causation?
A: One influences the other.
Q: Causation and Correlation?
A: Not Equal.
Q: What is the first step of scientific method/empirical approach?
A: Observation.
Q: What is the second step of scientific method/empirical approach?
A: Hypothesis.
Q: What is the third step of scientific method/empirical approach?
A: Test.
Q: What is the fourth step of scientific method/empirical approach?
A: Analyze.
Q: What is the fifth step of scientific method/empirical approach?
A: Conclude.
Q: What is the sixth step of scientific method/empirical approach?
A: Replicate.
Q: What is the first step of research process?
A: Observation.
Q: What is the second step of research process?
A: Hypothesis.
Q: What is the third step of research process?
A: Design.
Q: What is the fourth step of research process?
A: Collect.
Q: What is the fifth step of research process?
A: Analyze.
Q: What is the sixth step of research process?
A: Interpret.
Q: What is the seventh step of research process?
A: Report.
Q: What is a Hypotheses?
A: Testable predictions.
Q: Constructs
A: Abstract variables.
Q: Testable vs. Untestable hypotheses?
A: Must be measurable & falsifiable.
Q: Operational definition?
A: Clear definition of how a construct is measured/observed.
Q: Representative sample?
A: Ensures results apply to larger population.
Q: Experimental vs. Control groups
A: Experimental = gets treatment/IV
Control = no treatment/placebo
Random assignment = reduces bias, increases validity.
Q: Peer review?
A: Experts evaluate research before publication.
Q: Replication?
A: Confirms reliability & generalizability of findings.
Q: Genes?
A: Units of heredity.
Q: DNA?
A: Molecule carrying genetic info.
Q: Chromosomes?
A: 23 pairs (46 total).
Q: XX?
A: Female.
Q: XY?
A: Male.
Q: Naturalistic fallacy?
A: "natural = good" (false assumption).
Q: Mutations?
A: Genetic changes.
Q: Evolution studies how evolution shaped behavior?
A: Males → physical attractiveness (fertility cues)
Females → resources, stability.
Q: Behavioral genetics?
A: Study of genetic vs. environmental influences on behavior
Q: Temporal Lobe?
A: Hearing, language.
Q: Occipital lobe?
A: Vision.
Q: Parietal lobe?
A: Sensory integration, spatial awareness.
Q: Right hemisphere?
A: Creativity, spatial skills.
Q: Left Hemisphere?
A: Language, logic.
Q: Cerebellum?
A: Balance, coordination.
Q: Corpus callosum?
A: Connects hemispheres.
Q: Hypothalamus?
A: Hunger, hormones, homeostasis.
Q: Neuropsychology & damage studies?
A: Phineas Gage → personality change after frontal lobe injury; Aphasias → language deficits.
Q: Adaptation?
A: Reduced sensitivity after constant exposure
Q: Psychophysics?
A: Relationship between stimuli & perception
Q: Weber’s law?
A: Constant ratio for just noticeable difference (JND).
Q: Signal detection theory
A: Perception influenced by expectations/attention.
Q: Retina?
A: Light detection.
Q: Fovea?
A: Sharp vision.
Q: Optic nerve?
A: Connected to brain.
Q: Perceptual constancy?
A: Recognizing shape/size consistency despite changes in viewpoint.
Q: Psychology?
A: Study of behavior, mind, research, therapy (PhD, PsyD).
Q: Psychiatry?
A: Medical field, can prescribe meds (MD).
Q: Basic research?
A: Builds knowledge (theory-driven).
Q: Applied Research?
A: Solves real-world problems.
Q: IV?
A: Manipulation.
Q: DV?
A: Measured outcome.
Q: Reliability?
A: Consistency.
Q: Validity?
A: Accuracy.
Note 
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