Topic #3 Periodic Trends

Ionization energy

The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the atom in the gas phase.

What metal is not solid at room temp.?

Mercury

Increasing metallic character trend

Down a group & Right to left

Shiny/luster is a property of?

Metal

Conducts heat and electricity is a property of?

Metal

Malleable is a property of?

Metal

Ductile (bendable) is a property of?

Metal

Solid at room temperature is a property of?

Metal

Melts at high temperatures is a property of?

Metal

Tend to have a low ionization energies and tend to form cations relatively easy are a property of?

Metal

Most metal oxides are acidic or basic?

Basic

What does it mean for a metal oxide to be basic?

It can react with acids.

Metal oxides that are insoluble in water reacting with acid forms what?

Salt and water.

Metal oxides that dissolve in water reacts to form what?

Metal hydroxide.

Mendeleev and Meyer

Published nearly identical periodic table classification systems based on atomic masses.

Moseley

Developed the concept of atomic numbers.

Alkali metals (Group 1)

Most reactive metal and react with water violently.

Alkaline-earth metals

Metal hydroxides formed by this group provide basic solutions in water.

Chalcogen family (Group 14 or 4A)

Combined with metal ores

Halogen family known as?

Salt formers

O^2- is a strong base…

That reacts with water to form OH^- ions.

Nonmetals can be what states of matter?

Solid, liquid, or gas

Not lustrous

Nonmetal

Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Nonmetals

Melting points are generally lower than those of metals

Nonmetals

Diatomic nonmetals

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2

Nonmetals tend to gain or lose electrons when they react with metals?

Gain because of their relatively large, negative electron affinities.

Nonmetal compounds are typically…

Molecular substances that tend to be gases, liquids, or low melting solids at room temp.

Most nonmetal oxides are acidic or basic?

Acidic

Have characteristics of the compounds of metals or nonmetals

Metalloid compounds

All solid at room temp.

Metalloid

Can act like semi-conductors

Some metalloids like Si and Ge

Can form alloys and solid solutions with other metals

Metalloid

Oxidation number ranging from +3 to -2

Metalloid

Transition metals losing electrons

Cr, Cu, Fe

Physical properties tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic

Metalloid

Soft, metallic solids

Alkali metals

Very reactive, readily lose one electron

Alkali metals

Exist in nature only as compounds

Alkali metals

Extremely exothermic reactions

Alkali metals

Extremely reactive toward water and oxygen

Alkali metals

Emits characteristic color when placed in a flame

Alkali metal

Solids at room temperature; typical metallic properties

Alkaline earth metals

Low first ionization energy

Alkalin earth metals

Heavier alkaline metals…

Give off colors when heated in flame

Does not truly belong to any particular group

Hydrogen

Colorless diatomic gas under most conditions

Hydrogen

Reactions between hydrogen and another nonmetal can be quite…

Exothermic

Can gain and lose one electron

Hydrogen

The ionization energy of hydrogen is…

More than double that of any of the alkali metals

O3 form

Ozone

S8, a ringed molecule

Most stable allotrope

Halogens are nonmetals or metals?

Nonmetals

Astatine

Rare and radioactive

Among the halogens, fluorine and chlorine are in what state of matter at room temperature…

Gases

A liquid at room temperature among the halogens

Bromine

A solid at room temperature among the halogens

Iodine

All have highly negative electron affinities

Halogens

Removes electrons from almost any substance

Fluorine

Strong acids

HCl, HBr, HI

A weak acid

HF

Gases at room temperature

All noble gases (nonmetals)

Monoatomic - consist of single atoms rather than molecules

Noble gases

Completely filled s and p subshells

Noble gases