Lesson 5-6: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

Western Thoughts

Emphasized the importance of scientific methods of

investigation to provide satisfactory answers to understand the

self

Western Thoughts

Conducted scientific investigations in effort to understand the

self and developed theories and differences among them

Western Thoughts

Individualistic rather than relational.

Thales, Greek Mathematician

The self is primarily composed of water. Everything was water. The primary composition of everything was water.

Self

The ______ has a source and that real source of everything must be a powerful eternal one. He further added that the Self must have come from animal of the rare kind. (Anaximander, Philosopher)

Socrates

The self is a composite of matter and reason.

Self

The _____ is believed to be a substance with a reasoning power and a questioning nature. (Boethius)

Aristotle

The self is a rational soul that is capable of feeling, sensing, thinking, and reasoning, and equipped with the gift of language

individual

The _________ identifies primarily with self, with the needs of the individual being satisfied before those of the group.

Individualism

states that everyone is acting on his or her own, making their own choices

Independence and self-reliance

________________ are greatly stressed and valued. In general, people tend to distance themselves psychologically and emotionally from each other

• "I" identity.

• Promotes individual goals, initiative and achievement.

• Individual rights are seen as being the most important. Rules attempt

to ensure self-importance and individualism.

• Independence is valued; there is much less of a drive to help other

citizens or communities than in collectivism.

• Relying or being dependent on others is frequently seen as shameful.

• People are encouraged to do things on their own; to rely on themselves

• people strive for their own successes

The Individualistic Self: traits

Eastern thoughts

Raise question about the ultimate

meaning of human life.

Eastern thoughts

Develop theories of self as they

have investigated what it means to

be a human being.

Eastern thoughts

Focused on ultimate meaning of life

Collectivism

views the group as the primary entity, with the individuals

lost along the way.

survival and success

The __________ of the group ensures the well-being of the individual, so that by considering the needs and feelings

of others, one protects oneself

Harmony and the interdependence

_______ of group members are stressed and value

• Each person is encouraged to be an active player in society, to do what is best for society rather than themselves.

• The rights of families, communities, and the collective supersede those of the

individual.

• Rules promote unity, brotherhood, and selflessness.

• Working with others and cooperating is the norm; everyone supports each

other.

• As a community, family or nation more than as an individual

The Collectivistic Self: traits

Consciousness, Emotions, Relationships to other people and the world, Feelings

Eastern Thoughts aim at transformation in:

emphasis

The ______ is relational rather than individual.

Self

is considered not in isolation but in relation to others,

society, and the universe.

Eastern theories

are highly practical.

eastern thoughts

It offers a variety of techniques for cultivating a deeper

understanding of the self.

eastern thoughts

It do not utilize the scientific techniques of investigation

Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism

Eastern Thoughts:

Buddhism

Comes from the root word "budh" meaning awake.

Siddharta Gautama

known as Buddha is the founder of Buddhism

Buddhism

Man is just a title. A summation of parts that compose an individual

Matter, Sensation, Perception, Mental constructs, Consciousness

5 parts that compose an individual:

Buddhism

There is no self (or no soul).

Buddhism

There is only nothing and all else is an illusion.

Buddhism

There is nothing permanent but change.

Buddhism

The ideal is to experience Nirvana, a state of transcendence

devoid of self-reference.

Buddhism

This state of transcendence can be achieved through

meditation.

Hinduism

The religion of an ancient people known as the Aryans.

Aryan

name originally given to a people who were said to speak an archaic Indo-European language and who were thought to have settled in prehistoric times in ancient Iran and the northern Indian subcontinent.

Hinduism

3rd world's largest religion with 1.2 billion followers.

Lord Brahma, the creator

The goal of man is to have knowledge of the true reality.

Law of Karma

is the most important doctrine of Hinduism.

Hindus

believe that Atman (Sanskrit; Soul) being an immortal soul continues to be reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime until it is freed from the cycle of rebirth and reach a state of nirvana or non-birth

Karma

doesn't end with a body's death, its influence may extend through incarnation of the soul

karma

What goes around comes around

Confucianism

System of thought and behavior originating in ancient China.

Confucianism

Most of the time, it is characterized as a system social and ethical philosophy, rather than religion

Golden Rule

Do not do others what you would not want others to do you.

Confucianism

Another important feature is the individual's greatest

mission of attaining self realization wherein self-cultivation

is instrumental

self-cultivation

can be accomplished by knowing one's role in the society and act accordingly.

Rectification of Names

a person or thing should be true to its name.

Rectification of Malfunctions

a person has two options: change his ways and change his title

Physical Self

refers to the body that includes basic parts such

as head, neck, arms and legs

Physical Self

made up of other organs such as the brain, heart,

lungs, stomach, intestines, and muscles.

infancy and old age

the body performs its functions least well during ______

Physical efficiency

generally peaks in early adulthood and declines into the middle age.

Physical development and growth

during childhood continues at a slowrate compared with rapid rate of growth in babyhood.

Adolescence

Begins with the onset of puberty

Adolescence

One of the most crucial stage of development

Adolescence

This stage is characterized by rapid physical changes that includes the maturation of the reproductive system.

G. Stanley Hall

Adolescence is when the very worst and best impulses in

human soul struggle against each other for possession.

life span

Development from conception to death.

Elizabeth B. Hurlock's Life Span Development

Outlined the stages in the life span

Elizabeth B. Hurlock's Life Span Development

Divided the stages into 10 parts.

nature and nurture

Factors affecting physical growth & development

Nature

Socio-biologist, psychologist and others in the natural sciences argue that behavior traits can be explained by genetics.

Nurture

Sociologist, anthropologists and others in the social sciences argue that human behavior is learned and shaped through interaction.

Heredity

Biological process of transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

Heredity

the sex and other physical traits are determined by the combination of (1) chromosomes and (2) genes during fertilization (the union of the two cells: Egg and Sperm).

Chromosomes

Thread like tissues that carries the genes, and are usually found in pairs

Chromosomes

23 pairs of chromosomes

Autosomes and Gonosomes

Two types of chromosomes

female

In mammals, the default chromosome is always

_________.

2 months

We don't have sex not until _______ in the womb

Genes

Basic carries of heredity traits

Genes

Can be classified into:

• Dominant (strong genes)

• Recessive (weak genes)

Recessive Genes

The trait is not expressed when the dominant form of the trait is present.

Dominant Genes

The expressed form of the trait when present.

environment

Refers to the factors to which the individual is exposed after conception to death. Includes learning and experience of an individual

environment

Factors such as diet, nutrition, and diseases play an important role in physical development.

body image

Refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their body and physical appearance.

appearance

everything about a person that others can observe such as height, weight, skill color, clothes, and hairstyle.

self-concept

A general term used to refer to how someone thinks about, evaluates or perceives themselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a concept of oneself

self-esteem

A person's overall evaluation of his or her own worth

body image

younger women and girls tend to have

poor _______.

body image

can affect both the adolescent's physical and psychological well-being.

Emphasis on ideal body, Bullying and peer pressure, Media

causes of poor body image

body dissatisfaction, depression, low self-esteem, mental illnesses, body modification

effects of poor body image

body dissatisfaction

We look at ourselves and we don't like what we see.

depression

We look at ourselves and we don't like what we see.

low self-esteem

Poor body has a correlation in building a person's self-worth.

mental illnesses

Poor body image can develop serious Mental disorders like Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa & Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

body modification

A person who has poor body image may tend to alter a part of his or her body that he or she finds unsatisfactory.

tattooing, permanent make-up, body piercing, cosmetic surgery

body modification

symmetrical and in proportion

Our attraction to another person's body increases if that body is _________

proportional bodies

We perceive ______ to be healthier

proportion

If a face is in ________, we are more likely to notice it and find it beautiful.

Egyptian art

In _______, beauty is portrayed in women

with slim, high waist, narrow hips, and long

black hair.

Renaissance period

Women with full figure and rounded hips were considered beautiful during the ___________.

medieval age

Some tribes (e.g., Africa) during the ________ consider chubby, fat, or plum women beautiful.

Plum women in Africa

is considered as a "trophy" of their husband due to the belief of wealthiness is associated with chubbiness.

Force feeding

is often done to a woman to become wife material before marriage