Period 0 silver

how were the earliest civilizations administered ?

governments:
- based on religion
- used legal codes
- kept records (cuneiform) (hieroglyphics)

Which key states rose in the Mediterranean in the Classical Era?

- Phoenician city-states
- greek city-states
- roman empire
- persian empire

what techniques of imperial administration were used in the classical era?

- use of religion
- legalism
- centralized government bureaucracies
- military power
- economic stability through trade

what role did imperial cities fill?

- centers of trade
- religious rituals
- political administration

where did the earliest humans migrate

- africa

describes the fist human societies

- hunter - gatherer bands

long term effect of neolithic revolution

1. population increase
2. specialization of labor
3. stratification
4. technological innovations
5. administrative institutions

how did agriculture cause communities to form?

- civilizations developed their own unique cultures, governments, and religions

where did foundational civilizations develop during this period

river valleys:
- tigres/ euphrates
- nile (Egypt)
- indus (india)
- yellow and Yangtze (china)

what did specialization of labor lead to?

- social classes
- improvements in technology (tools) that led to trade

what was a role of pastoral nomads in the neolithic period?

- dissemination of new technologies and techniques
- composite bows, iron weapons, chariots, domestication of horses

what were some of the earliest major religious beliefs developed?

- animinism
- judaism
- hinduism (from aryan and Vedic beliefs)

what new belief systems emerged during classical era?

- buddhism
- confucianism
- christianity
- islam followed shortly after

what effect did hinduism have on social structure in South Asia?

generated natural hierarchies

what did confucianism seek to promote?

social harmony through five relationships

what was the core belief of taoism?

balance between humans and nature

what religion formed out of judaism?

christianity

how did islam spread

- merchants
- missionaries
- military expansion
- suifs

which key dynasties arose in east Asia around the time of the classical era?

- Qin
- Han

Which key states rose in South Asia during the Classical Era?

- mauryan
- Gupta

How did kings maintain rule in ancient civilizations?

- claim to divine connection
- support from religious elites
- use of legal codes
- record keeping

what naturally accompanies trade

Cultural diffusion: transfer of goods, ideas, and disease

what caused the decline of classical empires

- decentralized
- internal problems ( weak leaders, financial crisis, over extension)
- external problems ( invaders)
- environmental damage (disease, deforestation, desertification, erosion)