NVCC PSY 230 Exam 1

What is the purpose of crying?

Communication. Peak at 1mo, change at 4mo with the blossoming of the cortex, then starts to express needs.

What is kangaroo care?

baby wearing. helps premies grow.

Sleep stages

Stage 1-4 REM. Babies immediately enter REM and spend most of their time there.

Habituation

The fact that we lose interest in a new object after some time

Face perception

Making sense of human faces. Newborns follow facelike patterns. Preference toward mother as early as one week old, as well as more attractive faces. Look longer at faces whose eyes are gazing at them.

Visual Cliff

By 8 months, babies wont crawl over space perceived as cliff

Sensorimotor intelligence stage 1 & 2

Primary circular reactions (habits/action oriented schemas repeated again and again) that circle around child's own body. eg. sucking toes or thumb.

1-4 months

Sensorimotor intelligence stage 3 & 4

Secondary circular reactions that focus on environmental objects.

4mo-1yr (substage 4-8mo using single action, form 8-12 mo will, eg, use both hands)

Sensorimotor intelligence stage 5 & 6

1-2y Tertiary circular reactions. Shows flexibility exploring properties of objects.

Critiques on Piaget

Timing was off. More creative testing strategies have revealed babies grasp basics of physical reality before 1. Also, development is more gradual

Universal sequence of language development

2-4m, cooing

5-11m, babbling

12m, holophrases: first 1word sentences (eg: "ja" I want juice)

18m-2y, Telegraphic speech: 2 word combinations, usually explosion in vocab

LAD

Language learning theory. Language Acquisition Device, Noam Chomsky.

Humans are biologically programmed to make language. Nature oriented.

Behavioral reinforcement (language learning)

Nurture-oriented language learning theory by B.F. Skinner. We learn language as we are rewarded for producing certain sounds & words.

Social-Interactional model (language learning)

Focused on motivations that drive language learning. Babies want to communicate, adults want to communicate with babies.

Attachment Milestone: Preattachment phase

First 3 months.

Around 2m, Social Smile- an automatic reflex.

Attachment Milestone: Attachment in the Making

~4-7/8 months.

Transitional period. May show slight preference for primary caregiver.

Attachment Milestone: Clear Cut (focused) Attachment

~7/8 m through toddler years

Separation anxiety signals beginning.

Securely attached

Will play with toys near mom. When she leaves, may or may not become highly distressed. **when she returns, they are joyful

Insecurely attached: Avoidant

Infants seem detached. Rarely show separation anxiety or much of any emotion.

Insecurely attached: Anxious-ambivalent

Clingy, nervous, too afraid to explore toys. Mixed emotions when mom returns, ranging from clingy to striking. often inconsolable.

Insecurely attached: disorganized

Bizarre behavior. Freeze, run around erratically, or look frightened when mom returns.

Strange situation

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

Social referencing

reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

synchrony

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. A sense of being in emotionally tune.

Universality of attachment

Babies across the world attach at roughly the same age, and demonstrate roughly the same percentages of secure and insecure attachment.

Effects of poverty

Elevated cortisol levels, less likely to graduate high school, chaotic environment, long hours in non-relative care can be correlated to behavior issues later (large daycare centers)

Frontal Lobe changes

Continue to myelinate forabout 25 years. Late synaptic blossoming, about when toddling. Prunes late, at about 9.

How do we define and address childhood obesity?

BMI over 95th %ile of the norms of first poll.

Government requires schools to limit fatty foods, mandates calorie counts for sodas and some foods,

Primary determinant of childs K weight status is mother's weight.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

Piaget believes that thru assimilation (Fitting into into existing structures) and accommodation (Changing cognitive slots to fit input from the world) children undergo different stages of development.

Piaget's Stages: Sensorimotor

Age 0-2 Baby manipulates objects to pin down basis of physical reality. Stage ends with development of language.

Piaget's Stages: Preoperational

Age 2-7 "What they see is real" Water into different cups- V changes.

Piaget's Stages: Concrete Operations

Age 8-12 Develop realistic understanding of the world. Similar wavelegnth as adults. Can reason conceptually about concrete objects, cannot think abstractly in scientific way.

Piaget's Stages: Formal operations

Age 12+ Reasoning at pinnacle. Hypothetical, scientific, flexible, fully adult. Full cognitive human potential has been reached.

Piaget: Conservation tasks

Clay experiment, water, etc.

Piaget: Reversibility

Idea that kids don't understand that a procedure can be repeated in the opposite direction.

Piaget: Egocentrism

Inability to understand that other people have different POV

Piaget: Animism

Assigning human motivations to natural phenomena and inanimate objects

Vygotsky: Social Learning Theory

Believed we have a role in helping children advance- learning is bidirectional. Theorized learning takes place w/in Zone of Proximal Development. Teachers back off and let students take on more responsibility re: the task (called scaffolding)

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she cannot do.

Vygotsky: Scaffolding

The manner in which a teacher or more advanced peer helps to structure or arrange a task so that a novice can work on it successfully.

Vygotsky: Inner Speech

Internalizing scaffolding speech from parents/educators and saying them to yourself

Information-processing Theory (IPT)

On the way to becoming "a memory" information passes through different stages (or stores). Then features that we notice enter the most important store, called working memory.

Information processing theory (IPT): Working Memory

Where the "cognitive action" happens. We keep information and awareness here and act to process or discard it. Also has "executive processor"

IPT: Executive Functions

Any skill related to managing our memory, controlling cognition, planning behavior or inhibiting responses. Depend on frontal lobes.

IPT: Rehersal

Repeating information to commit to memory.

IPT: Selective Attention

ability to manage our awareness to focus on what we need to know and filter out extra info.

Morphemes are

the smallest meaningful units of language. Most words comprise a combo of several morphomes. E.g. Boys. Boy + s

Phonemes are

the smallest distinctive sound units of a language

Syntax

rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in a language

Semantics

meanings of words and sentences

overregularization

applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms. For example, runned, goed, feets

theory of mind

awareness of one's own mental processes and (especially) the mental processes of others being separate from their own

Self esteem & its role in childhood

Tendency to feel good or bad about oneself. Tends to decline in early elementary.

Five areas kids use to determine self esteem

Scholastic competence, behavioral conduct, athletic skills, peer likeability, physical appearance

learned helplessness

Feeling of being powerless to affect ones own fate. Often spawned from internalization issues

Externalization issues

Acts out emotions. Impulsive, blames others for their own failures

Prosocial behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. E.g. Altruism, empathy, sympathy. Seems built in to humans as it emerges during toddlerhood

Encouraging positive self esteem

Stress message of care, plus foster self-efficacy (practice makes progress)

aggression & it's forms

Acts designed to cause harm. Aggression types classifieds by motive.

Proactive aggression- to attain a goal.

Reactive aggression- in response to being hurt.

Relational aggression- designed to hurt our relationship

Understanding aggressive children

1) toddlers temperament evokes harsh discipline (when more patience and love is needed)

2) child rejected by teachers and peers in school. Amplifies frustration

- forms hostile worldview, provokes hostility as reinforcement

frustration-aggression hypothesis

When humans are thwarted, we are biologically primed to retaliate or strike back.

Purpose of pretend play

Allows children to practice adult roles, and a sense of control. Furthers understanding of social norms. Believed to be vital to developing social skills

Erickson: industry vs inferiority

6y to puberty. Compare achievements to others'

What is gender schema theory?

Once children understand their category (boy, girl), they selectively attend to the activities of their own sex.

Role of friends for children

Protect and enhance developing self. Teach us to manage emotions and handle conflicts.

How do we help bullied children?

Focus on changing peer-group norms. Make the norm not tolerating bullying.

Baumrind's 4 Parenting Styles

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Neglectful

Cultural variations of parenting style

Asian and Latino families more likely to be authoritarian. Indian families typically more permissive. Life situation and current event play into effect.

intellectual disability

IQ below 70

Giftedness

IQ above 130

Do IQ scores predict real world outcomes

No. General measure of potential intellectual capacities.

Risk factors for child abuse

Parent's personality (depression, externalization problems etc), life stress + social isolation + children's vulnerabilities

What impact does divorce have on children

At disadvantage socially, academically, and mental health. Problem could be economic (2 incomes to 1). Most kids cope very well though.

Gardners Multiple Intelligences

"not how intelligent are you, bot how are you intelligent." Human abilities come in 8, possibly 9 variations

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

An individually administered intelligence test designed for children ages 6-16. Tests a variety of fields, with each producing its own IQ score. 50th percentile is 100.

extrensic motivation

a desire to preform a behavior for tangible rewards

successful intelligence

the ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments that meet personal and societal goals

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (successful intelligence)

Traditional IQ tests can be detrimental as it is not an effective measure of many types of intelligence. Made a triad: analytic, creative and practical.

What is a cohort?

a group of people born at around the same time in the same place. E.g., baby boomers (1946-1964)

Behaviorism- Watson & skinner

an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior. Operant condition- we act the way we do because of reinforcement

social learning theory

Aka cognitive behaviorism, we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Self efficacy- our belief in our competence. Grit.

attachment theory

the idea that relationship styles are influenced by the quality of the early parent-child bond, and later finding attachment with a significant other.

evolutionary psychology

Highlights the role that inborn, species specific behaviors play in human development and life.

behavioral genetics

field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics. Often use twin & adoption studies.

cognitive development theory

Piaget.

0-2 sensorimotor

2-7 pre-operations

8-12 concrete operations

12+ formal operations

assimilation and accommodation

Assimilation- fit the world to our preexisting schemas. Accommodation- refile. Changing the way we think

Erickson's psychosocial theory

Age linked theory, requires completion of tasks/challenges

Erickson birth-puberty

Infancy- trust/mistrust -> virtue-> hope

1-2 -autonomy vs shame/doubt -> virtue-> will

3-6 -initiative vs guilt -> virtue-> purpose

6-puberty -industry vs inferiority -> virtue-> competence

Erickson teens-the end

Teens-20s - identity vs role confusion -> virtue-> fidelity

20s-early 40s - intimacy vs isolation -> virtue-> love

40s-60s- generativity vs stagnation -> virtue-> care

Late 60s+ -integrity vs despair -> virtue-> wisdom

Developmental systems

Numerous influences from ever broader circles influence behavior and development.

evocative forces

inborn talents and temperamental tendencies naturally evoke certain responses from others

bidirectional influences

family members mutually influence one another