101 EXAM

CRAAP method

A way to evaluate the quality of the information you find in research

C (CRAAP)

Currency

R (CRAAP)

Relevance

A1(CRAAP)

authority

A2 (CRAAP)

accuracy

P (CRAAP)

Purpose

Currency (CRAAP)

the timeliness of the information

Relevance (CRAAP)

the importance of the information for your needs
A source isn't useful if it doesn't answer the question you are interested in

Authority (CRAAP)

source of information (who wrote the article? what does this person do?)

Accuracy (CRAAP)

How accurate is the source I am presenting?

Purpose (CRAAP)

the reason the information exists (why was this article written?)

Confirmation bias

Only seeking out and believing information that confirms what we already believe

Ingroup Bias

Putting more weight on the opinions of those in "our group"
ex. age, gender, political party, etc.

Negativity bias

The tendency to believe negative events more than positive events
It's easier to convince someone that something may not be safe compared to convincing someone that something is safe

Current moment bias

We are more likely to choose something good for the "right now" than sacrifice something good right now for something good later on

The Green Revolution

The period of time when agricultural productivity in developing nations increased drastically due to technological advancements

Technological advancements (Green Revolution)

-Development and use of synthetic chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides
-Development and use of high yielding crops
-Use of multiple cropping systems
-increased use of irrigation

Mexico (Green Revolution)

This country improved varieties of wheat with higher yields introduced
Became a net exporter of wheat

India (Green Revolution)

This country introduced rust-resistant and high yielding strains of wheat
Became self sufficient in cereal crop production

Norman Bourlag

-The Father of the Green Revolution
-won Nobel Peace prize in 1970
-Bred high yielding varieties of wheat that had strains resistant to disease and infection. crops were also shorter to resist falling over

Benefits (Green Revolution)

-led to the production of more food
-people consumed 25% more calories with new food than prior to the Green Revolution

Food security

The state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

Disadvantages (Green Revolution)

-Harm of environment
-usage of synthetic chemical pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers increased (petroleum based)
-more food could be grown on less land, quality?

-farm mechanization
-increased use of synthetic chemicals
-improved varieties of crops

What aspects increased prior to the Green Revolution?

Green Revolution time period

1950s-1970s

2.5 times

Compared to 1948, US farm productivity was \___________ greater in 2015

Fewer

\____________ people are farmers today than 100 years ago

25%

Globally, only \_________ of workers are employed by agriculture

Average Size

\________________ of a farm has increased

Diversity of products

The \______________ in a farm has decreased

Technology

-adapted to help solve problems facing food production
-adapted based on evidence and values

2.5

It takes \_______ gallons of milk to make 1 gallon of ice cream

10 gallons

It takes \______ gallons of milk to produce 1 pound of cheese

6-8

The average cow produces \______ gallons of milk per day

increased, cheese!

Throughout 1975-2013, overall dairy consumption has \__________

decreased, cheese!

Consumption of fluid milk and cream has \____________

cheese

Consumption of \________has been increasing

increasing

Whole milk sales have been decreasing, while total lower fat milk sales have been \_______

Homogenization

breaking down the fat globules in milk so the cream doesn't rise

Pasteurization

The heating of milk to kill microbes and bacteria

methane and waste

Having more milk produced per cow results in less \__________

decreased, cattle constant!

Throughout the years, methane production in cows has \_________

California

Which US state is the top producer of milk?

Raw milk

milk that has not been pasteurized/processed

the dairy farm in which the milk was made

Illinois consumers can purchase raw milk at\_______

Mastitis

The inflammation of the mammary glands

Mastitis treatment

antibiotics and continued removal of milk from the udders are treatment for mastitis. Heat promotes blood flow.
-cleanliness and sanitation
-teat dipping

Lactose

glucose + galactose, aka "Milk sugar"

larger

Feedlots are becoming\___________

subclinical mastitis

Most of the time does not show milk alteration ('normal looking" milk)

Clinical Mastitis

abnormal milk, clots and flakes are present

Acute mastitis

Milk is bloody and watery

Mastitis Effect on milk

Cows will never be able to produce milk they produced before they had mastitis because the bacteria kills off the villi. You can be able to use the milk after 5-7 days

raw milk risks

Raw milk can carry dangerous bacteria such as E.Coli and Salmonella which can cause foodborne illnesses in humans

rBST

growth hormone given to dairy cows to increase milk production (given through injections)

rBST effects

Helps increase milk production in cows by helping the cow become more efficient at converting feed into milk

Milk

The substance secreted from the mammary glands

Casein

protein found in milk

Minerals in milk

-magnesium
-calcium
-vitamin D
-protein
-fat
-Potassium

decreased, more efficient!

Population of cows have \________

more milk

\_____________is being produced per cow

Feedlot industry

Feeding large groups of cattle from 500-1400 lbs on high energy diets to produce high quality beef products

Cow/calf operations

A method of raising beef cattle in which a permanent herd of cows is kept by the farmer to help produce calves that will be sold at a later date
Utilizing grass/forage lands (secondary enterprise)

stocker operations

purchase calves from a cow-calf producer and care for them for approximately 5 months (12 months to 17 months of age).

tender

Grass fed beef is less \________compared to grain fed beef

Beta carontene

Grass fed beef increased yellowness of its external fat likely due to \_______

70-100%

By 2050, there will be a \________________increase in food production due to technology

Beef Industry stucture

1. Cow/calf
2. Feedlot
3. Packer/Retailer
4. Consumer

multistructured

While the poultry industry is vertically integrated, the beef industry is \___________ (poor vertical integration)

CAFO

-Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
-1000 head of beef cattle confined on site for more than 45 days during the year

Location of feed lots

Southwest area of US

because Midwestern land could be better utilized for crop production

Why did feedlots move from the Midwest to the Southwest?

Gambler's Fallacy

A bias where we tend to place too much weight on recent events when predicting the future

Ionophores

Antibiotics that are added to feed (do not have a therapeutic function in humans)

vertically integrated

circumstance in which an organization has control over a media product from production through distribution to exhibition (common in the poultry industry)

False

T/F: Over the last 30 years, pork carcass weights have remained steadily

Feedlot

Which of the following sectors of the industry would be easiest to achieve a widespread adoption of new technology?

Sows are fed individually

One advantage of gestation stalls for pregnant sows is that \________________________

Top pig producing states

1. Iowa
2. Illinois
3. Minnesota
4. North Carolina

lighter and leaner

Compared to 1930, pigs today are :

Because ionophores don't benefit humans

Why doesn't the Veterinary Feed Directive apply to ionophores?

Veterinary Feed Directive

Judicious drug use
Eliminates sub-therapeutic use of medically important antibiotics for growth promotion

bacteria

rBST is produced by\__________

Feed conversion

A measurement of how much weight an animal will gain based on a certain amount of feed

True, waste!

T/F: When food rots in landfills, methane is produced

True

T/F: In the proposed regulatory fieldwork, the FDA would regulate cultured meat production in bioreactors

greater

The population of cows in Brazil is \__________than the population in the US

Brazil

The US produces more beef per cattle than \__________

increased, chicken cheap!

Poultry consumption has \_______________

remained steady

Pork consumption has\___________

increased, more efficient!

Pork production has\_________

9 million

How many broilers does the US have?

top broiler producing states

-Georgia
-Alabama
-Arkansas

Vertical integration benefits

-Less labor to produce more products due to larger populations and improved large-scale technology
-reduced growing period due to reduced requirements for space
-better health programs

Pullet

immature female chicken

Hen

mature female chicken

Cockerel

Immature male chicken

cock/rooster

mature male chicken

capon

a castrated male chicken

Broiler

young chicken raised for meat