CNA Review

what are the organs of the integumentary system?

-epidermis

-dermis

-hypodermis

-associated glands

-hair

-nails

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

-body temperature regulation

-cell fluid maintenance

-synthesis of vitamin D

-detection of stimuli

what happens in the aging process of the integumentary system?

-the outer skin layer thins, even though number of cell layers remains unchanged

-number of pigment-containing cells (melanocytes) decreases. -The remaining melanocytes increase in size

-skin looks thinner, paler, and clear (translucent)

what are the organs of the skeletal system?

-bones

-cartilage

-ligaments

-tendons

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

-gives body its shape

-allows movement

-makes blood cells

-provides protection for organs

-stores minerals

what happens in the aging process of the skeletal system?

-Bones become more brittle and may break more easily. -Overall height decreases, mainly because the trunk and spine shorten.

-Breakdown of the joints may lead to inflammation, pain, stiffness, and deformity.

what are the organs of the muscular system?

-skeletal muscles

what are the functions of the muscular system?

-movement

-posture

-joint stability

-heat production

what is the aging process of the muscular system?

-are less toned and less able to contract because of changes in the muscle tissue and normal aging changes in the nervous system.

-may become rigid with age and may lose tone, even with regular exercise

what are the organs of the lymphatic system?

-bone marrow

-spleen

-thymus

-lymph nodes

-lymphatic vessels

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

-protecting your body from illness-causing invaders

-maintaining body fluid levels

-absorbing digestive tract fats

-removing cellular waste.

what is the aging process of the lymphatic system?

-general decrease in function

-decreased contractile pressure and pumping frequency

-decrease in the glycocalyx and looser cell-to-cell gap junctions, which causes leakier vessels

what are the organs of the respiratory system?

-lungs

-nose

-trachea

-diaphragm

-intercostal muscles

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

-absorption of oxygen

-discharge of carbon dioxide

-acid-base balance

-speech

what is the aging process of the respiratory system?

-Alveoli can lose their shape and become baggy.

-The diaphragm can, over time, become weaker, decreasing the ability to inhale and exhale

what are the organs of the digestive system?

-mouth

-esophagus

-stomach

-pancreas

-liver

-gallbladder

-small intestine

-large intestine

-anus

what are the functions of the digestive system?

-breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins

-absorption of nutrients

-elimination

what is the aging process of the digestive system?

-muscles in the digestive tract become stiffer, weaker, and less efficient.

what are the organs of the nervous system?

-brain

-spinal cord

-nerves

what are the functions of the nervous system?

-transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs

-sensory input

-integration

-motor output

what is the aging process of the nervous system?

-brain and spinal cord lose nerve cells and weight (atrophy). -Nerve cells may begin to pass messages more slowly than in the past.

-Waste products or other chemicals such as beta amyloid can collect in the brain tissue as nerve cells break down.

what are the organs of the endocrine system?

-Hypothalamus

-pituitary gland

-pineal gland

-parathyroid glands

-thyroid gland

-thymus

-adrenal glands

-pancreatic

-ovaries

-testes

what are the functions of the endocrine system?

-release hormones into the bloodstream

-hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction

-regulates how much of each hormone is released.

what is the aging process of the endocrine system?

-older people are more prone to disturbed sleep patterns

-have a reduced metabolic rate

-lose bone density

-accumulate body fat

-show increases in blood glucose.

what are the organs of the cardiovascular system?

-heart

-veins

-arteries

-capillaries

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

-delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body.

-helps maintain body temperature

what is the aging process of the cardiovascular system?

-increased stiffness of the large arteries, called arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.

what are the organs of the urinary system?

-kidneys

-renal pelvis

-ureters

-bladder

-urethra.

what are the functions of the urinary system?

-Eliminates wastes

-regulation of blood volume and pressure

-stimulation of RBC (Red Blood Cell) formation

-control of fluid electrolyte

-acid- base balance

-detoxification

what is the aging process of the urinary system?

-amount of kidney tissue decreases

-overall function decreases

what are organs of the reproductive system?

-(women) ovaries, fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina.

-(men) prostate, the testes, and the penis.

what are functions of the reproductive system?

-To produce egg and sperm cells.

-To transport and sustain these cells.

-To nurture the developing offspring.

-To produce hormones.

what is the aging process of the reproductive system?

-Vaginal walls become thinner, dryer, less elastic, and possibly irritated.

-risk for vaginal yeast infections increases.

-The external genital tissue decreases and thins, and can become irritated.

what is a body system?

-groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform important functions in the body

what are precautions used when taking blood pressure?

-don't do it on an arm with a dialysis shunt, IV line, side that had mastectomy

-allow person to relax for 5 minutes before

-make sure manometer is properly calibrated

-cuff is proper size

what is the correct order for removal or PPE?

-gloves

-eyewear

-gown

-mask

why might a resident be coughing while eating?

-they could be aspirating

what is anuria?

-the state of voiding less than 100mL of urine over the course of 24 hours

what are specific measures of care for a patient with a gastrostomy?

-clean stoma and dressing changes

-prepare and administer formula

-clean tubing and area around tubing

-ensure inside of tubing is flushed out with water

what are the stages of grief?

-denial

-anger

-bargaining

-depression

-acceptance

what is validation?

-the action of checking or proving the validity or accuracy of something.

what is reality orientation?

-presenting information about time, place, person, in order to help a person understand their surroundings and situation

what is reminiscence therapy?

- used to help patients/residents with Alzheimer's to remember or talk about certain events in their lives

how do the kidneys form urine?

-waste substances and water form urine as it passes through nephrons and down renal tubules of the kidney

what is a pathogen?

-bacteria/virus that causes disease

what is a non-pathogen?

-bacteria/ viruses that does not causes disease

what do you use to prevent contractures?

-move patient/ resident frequently

-good body mechanics

-exercising

what are signs of impaired circulation?

-cyanotic skin

-chest pain

-swelling

-numbness

-muscles hurt

-weak pulse

-low blood pressure

what is hypertension?

-high blood pressure

what is hypotension?

-low blood pressure

what is hyperglycemia?

-excess of glucose in blood

what is hypoglycemia?

-deficiency of glucose in blood

what are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?

-blurred vision

-weight loss

-voiding a excessivly

what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

-lightheaded

-shaky

-hunger

what is indirect contact?

-diseases are spread by vectors/ fomites

what is direct contact?

-diseases are spread through direct contact

what is airborne contact?

-diseases are spread through air (covid)

what are standard precautions?

-They are used during every patient interaction.

-Includes: hand hygiene, use of PPE, respiratory hygiene, safe injection practices, and disinfection of soiled surfaces and equipment.

what are the parts of maslow's pyramid?

-self actualization needs

-self-esteem needs

-love and belonging needs

-safety and security needs

-physiologic needs

what is the difference between a pathogen and a non-pathogen?

-one causes disease and the other does not

what is a cerebrovascular accident? and how is it abbreviated?

-stroke

-CVA

list KWIPES.

-knock

-wash hands

-identify self and patient

-provide privacy

-explain procedure

-safety check

list ROWLER.

-resident position, resident rails, bed position, and supplies close

-open privacy curtains

-wash hands

-light in reach

-equipment stored/cleaned

-record/report

what are the normal vital signs for BP, P, R, T, and SPO2?

-BP= 90/60-120/80

-P= 60-100

-R= 12-20

-T= 98.6 (elderly is one degree lower or higher)

-SPO2= 99%

what is medicare?

-type of insurance plan that is federally funded by social security and which all people 65 years and older, and some younger disabled people, are eligible to participate in

what is medicaid?

-federally funded and state-regulated plan designed to help people with low incomes to pay for health care

what is dyspnea?

-labored or difficulty breathing

what is peripheral vascular disease?

-a disorder characterized by pain and cramping in the legs, caused by atherosclerosis of the arteries that supply the legs

what is hepatitis?

-inflammation of the liver

how are Hep A, B and C spread?

A: oral-fecal, raw shellfish

B: blood-borne, body fluids

C: Blood transfusion, IV drug use

when is it appropriate to use restraints on a resident or client?

-when they are going to cause harm to themselves or to others

-only as a last resort

what is objective data?

-information that is obtained directly, through measurements or by using one of the five senses

what is subjective data?

-information cannot be objectively measured or assessed

what are the goals of the care plan?

-Provide effective care

what are tools you would use to prevent a contracture?

-regularly prescribed periods of daily standing and/or walking

- passive stretching of muscles and joints

-positioning of the limbs to promote extension and oppose flexion

-splinting which is a useful measure for the prevention or delay of contractures.

-traction

-surgery

-body casts

what is false imprisonment?

-confining another person against his or her will

what is informed consent?

-permission granted by a patient/resident to begin treatment or perform a procedure after receiving a full explanation of the treatment or procedure from the health care provider

what is defamation?

-the act of making untrue statements that hurt another person's reputation

what are the 2 main goals of care for the dying patient?

-providing comfort

-death with dignity

who does a NA report signs of abuse or neglect to? (state agency)

-report to supervisor and they will report to department of health and senior services (DHSS)

what is the first sound you hear when taking a blood pressure? and what does the heart do at this time?

-systolic pressure

-pressure caused by the blood when the heart muscle contracts

what are acute care facilities?

-a place where health care is provided for people who require a high level of care

-patients usually have severe illnesses pr are medically instable

-length of stay in the facility is typically short

what type of organism is strep throat?

-bacteria

-streptococcus pyogenes

what type of organism is influenza?

-virus

-Orthomyxovirus

what is depression?

-an alteration in a person's mood that causes him or her to lose pleasure or interest in all usually pleasurable activities such as eating, working, or socializing

-feeling of hopelessness

-one of the stages of grief

-person fully realizes that death will be the end result of the illness and experiences sadness and regret

what position should someone with a feeding tube be in at all times?

-head of bed is raised

what are foods patients eat on a soft diet?

-ice cream

-nectar

-honey

-pudding

-jello

-pureed food

when do you do ROM?

-as many times as ordered

what is passive ROM?

-the exercise is done for the resident who is unable to move independently

-involves moving the resident's body parts through a series of exercises

what is active ROM?

-resident performs exercises alone or uses a device such a s pulley or bicycle

How much schooling does an RN need?

-four years

if you have a problem with a co-worker what should you do?

-talk to them about it

-talk to supervisor if issue cannot be resolved

what are body mechanics?

-the efficient and safe use of the body

what is body alignment?

-positioning of the body so that the spine is not twisted or crooked

what is the purpose of telling a patient what you are going to do?

-to allow them to help you

-so they know what is going on

-so they are not startled or combattive

why are carbohydrates controlled in a diabetic diet?

-they are the body's main source of glucose so if the person has too much or too little their blood sugar may spike or drop

how often do you empty a foley bag?

-at least every 8 hours

what is orthostatic hypotension?

-a sudden decrease in blood pressure that occurs when a person stands up from a sitting or lying position

what is the CDC responsible for?

-investigating, preventing, and controlling disease

what is ischemia?

-the state that occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the tissues is interrupted, leading to an oxygen deficiency in the tissues