Biology II - Exam 2 Study Set

Phylum Chordata

1. deuterostomes

2. coelomates

3. bilateral symmetry

4. have 3 Subphylum’s

1. Urochordata (tunicates)

2. Cephalochordata (lancelets)

3. Vertebrata

Subphylum’s of Phylum Chordata

1. notochord

2. dorsal hollow nerve cord

3. pharyngeal gill slits/pharyngeal arches

4. post-anal tail

5. endostyle/thyroid gland

5 characteristics all Chordates share

notochord

a flexible, rod-shaped structure that runs along the nerve chord; in vertebrates it develops into vertebrae but specifically the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks; 1 of the 5 characteristics of Chordates

intervertebral disks

sponge-like substance found between vertebrae and formed from the notochord

dorsal hollow nerve cord

in vertebrates this structure develops into the spinal cord; 1 of the 5 characteristics of Chordates

pharyngeal gill slits/pharyngeal arches

in vertebrate fish, this structure develops into gill supports; in tetrapods this structure develops into parts of ears and tonsils; 1 of the 5 characteristics of Chordates

post-anal tail

a structure that is the tail; 1 of the 5 characteristics of Chordates

endostyle/thyroid gland

a hormone releasing structure; 1 of the 5 characteristics of Chordates

Subphylum Urochordata

1. under Phylum Chordata

2. motile larvae & sessile adults

3. all organisms are filter feeders

4. have a tunic which gives them the name tunicates

5. larvae have most chordate features

6. adults only have a pharyngeal gill slits/pharyngeal arches and an endostyle/thyroid gland

tunic

a cellulose-like, carbohydrate body covering which gives tunicates (Urochordata) their name

Subphylum Cephalochordata

1. under Phylum Chordata

2. suspension feeders

3. gas exchange occurs across their body (cutaneous gas exchange)

4. are called lancelets

Subphylum Vertebrata

1. under Phylum Chordata

2. have a nucleus pulposus (notochord —> intervertebral disk —> nucleus pulposus)

1. Agnatha

2. Chondrichthyes

3. Osteichthyes

4. Amphibia

5. Reptilia

6. Aves

7. Mammalia

Classes of Subphylum Vertebrata of Phylum Chordata

Class Agnatha

1. under Subphylum Vertebrata

2. jawless fish

3. hagfish(slippery/slimy fish) and lampreys(“evil straw w/ eyes”) are examples of these

Hagfish

1. under Class Agnatha of Subphylum Vertebrata

2. almost completely blind

3. utilize sensory barbells for food location

4. feed on living/dead invertebrates + marine animals

5. have cartilaginous skulls (but not entire skeleton!!!)

6. maintain notochord in adult stages

7. release mucous and are extremely slippery (hence my nickname “slippery/slimy fish”

Lamprey

1. under Class Agnatha of Subphylum Vertebrata

2. have extrinsic eye muscle to help with eye movement

3. possess true cerebellum + have well-differentiated brains

4. have 10 pairs of nerves

5. parasitic with a mouth with rasps (“evil straw w/ eyes”)

Gnathostomes

1. called jawed fish

2. jaw structures are developed from pharyngeal gill slits/pharyngeal arches

3. have 2 sets of paired fins: pectoral(anterior) and pelvic(posterior)

4. has 2 Classes

1. Chondrichthyes

2. Osteichthyes

Classes of Gnathostomes (jawed fishies)

Class Chondrichthyes

1. a class of Gnathostomes/under Subphylum Vertebrata

2. have cartilaginous skeletons

3. have to swim continuously because they lack a mechanism to maintain buoyancy

4. have a lateral line

5. are made up of sharks, skates, and rays

Skates & Rays

1. under Class Chondrichthyes

2. have enlarged pectoral fins that are infused to head

3. have flattened body structures

4. have ventrally located gill slits

Sharks

1. under Class Chondrichthyes

2. have a keen sense of smell

3. have Ampullae of Lorenzini

Ampullae of Lorenzini

a structure that detects electromagnetic fields of living things; aids in prey detection; is only present in sharks (Class Chondrichthyes)

lateral line

a structure that detects movement and vibrations in water that is present in Gnathostomes

Class Osteichthyes

1. a class of Gnathostomes/under Subphylum Vertebrata

2. have bony skeletons

3. have gills covered by an operculum

4. have a mechanism to maintain buoyancy (swim bladder)

5. respirate via gills

6. have a lateral line

7. have overlapping scales

8. majority of present-day fish fall under this class

swim bladder

a gas-filled organ that is analogous to lungs in humans and can exchange gases directly with blood; helps with buoyancy in Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned fish)

1. under Class Osteichthyes

2. named after their slender bones that support their fins

3. tuna, bass, trout, salmon

1. tuna

2. bass

3. trout

4. salmon

Examples of Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned fish)

Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned fish)

1. under Class Osteichthyes

2. bone structures are in the pectoral fins, allows for support

3. were thought to have been extinct but an animal of this class was found in the 1930s

4. bones are similar in type and arrangement to early tetrapods

coelacanth

An example of Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned fish)

Amphibia

1. under Subphylum Vertebrata

2. tetrapods

3. terrestrial but still tied to water because of cutaneous respiration

4. carnivorous

5. have image-forming eyes with color vision

6. have ears

7. frogs, toads, salamanders, caecillians

cutaneous respiration

water taken across the skin rather than drinking; skin has to stay moist for gas exchange

Urodela (salamanders)

1. under Amphibia

2. aquatic have gills

3. move via lateral undulation

4. internal fertilization through spermatophores being dropped from males and picked up by females

5. males will compete for fitness by putting their spermatophores on top of other males

lateral undulation

a method of movement where the body bends from side to side

spermatophore

a packet where sperm is deposited into by Urodela (salamanders)

Anura (frogs and toads)

1. under Amphibia

2. lay eggs

3. have external fertilization

4. go through 2 life changes

5. body plan specialized for movement, jumping specifically

6. have hind legs, some species have hands or skin between joints for gliding

7. tailless

8. skin can release defensive chemicals

Apoda (caecilians)

1. under Amphibia

2. legless

3. appears similar to earthworms

4. have teeth

5. nearly blind

6. utilize cutaneous respiration and have one lung

Amniotes

organisms with amniotic eggs; reptiles, birds, and mammals

yolk sac

a part of the amniotic egg that transports yolk nutrients

chorion

a part of the amniotic egg that facilitates exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside environment

allantois

a part of the amniotic egg that stores nitrogenous waste and facilitates respiration

amnion

a part of the amniotic egg that protects the amniote from mechanical shock and supports hydration

synapsids

animals with 1 temporal fenestrae (we are this); mammals

temporal fenestrae

windows/post-orbital openings in the skull that allow the muscles to expand and lengthen

sauropsids

animals that have no temporal fenestrae or 2 temporal fenestrae; anapsids and diapsids

anapsids

animals with no temporal fenestrae; turtles

diapsids

animals with 2 temporal fenestrae; birds and reptiles

Reptilia

1. under Subphylum Vertebrata

2. tetrapods

3. have scaly skin, can shed it

4. are ectotherms (“cold-blooded”)

5. food is not used metabolically to heat the body because they’re ectotherms

6. have keratin to protect from water loss

7. breathe with lungs (marks the end of cutaneous respiration)

8. utilize sexual reproduction

9. some animals (snakes and turtles) undergo brumation

1. Dinosaurs

2. Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)

3. Sphenodontia (tuataras)

4. Squamata (lizards and snakes)

5. Testudines (turtles)

Reptilia

brumation

a state similar to hibernation where the animal is not asleep but is sluggish, go long periods without eating; this state is induced by cold weather or temperatures

1. dinosaurs

2. crocodiles

3. alligators

4. birds

Archosaurs (of Reptilia and Aves)

1. lizards

2. snakes

3. tuataras

Lepidosaurs of Class Reptilia

Dinosaurs

1. under Class Reptilia

2. are Archosaurs

3. dominant vertebrate until 65 mya

4. some were bipedal, some were quadruped

5. can be carnivorous or herbivorous

6. extinct due to an asteroid (rip)

Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)

1. under Class Reptilia

2. are Archosaurs

3. found in freshwater and saltwater

4. can walk and run on land

5. spend most of their time in water

6. hunt via ambushing prey

7. can reach speeds of 17kph

Sphenodontia (tuataras)

1. under Class Reptilia

2. are Lepidosaurs

3. have teeth that are projections of their jaw bone (2 rows upper, 1 row lower)

4. may be a species older than dinos

5. have a crest along their back

6. have no external ear

7. have a third parietal eye in the middle of their forehead that can sense light with limited color discrimination, it’s also covered with skin

Squamata

1. largest group of reptiles

2. found everywhere but Antarctica

3. diverse

1. lizards

2. snakes

Squamata

Lizards

1. under Squamata

2. have 4 limbs

3. have eyelids

4. have external ears

5. have spines/a crest

6. can be bright and changing colors

7. can be carnivorous or herbivorous—Iguana is an herbivore

Snakes

1. under Squamata

2. are legless except for Boa’s which have vestigial hindlimbs

3. carnivorous

4. have no eyelids—transparent scale instead

5. have a mandible

   1. can expand to swallow prey alive

   2. allows for subduing prey by constriction

   3. have venom to kill/immobilize prey

pelvic spurs

vestigial hindlimbs in Boa’s

turtles

Testudines

Testudines

1. under Reptilia

2. lay eggs on land

3. have a plastron and carapace that can’t be removed

4. have scutes

plastron

ventral shell surface of testudines that can’t be removed

carapace

dorsal shell surface of testudines that can’t be removed

Aves

1. under Subphylum Vertebrata

2. have a high metabolic rate

3. have modified scales called feathers with 2 types

   1. down feathers

   2. contour feathers

4. have hollow bones (pneumatic bones) to decrease overall bodyweight

pneumatic bones

more hollow bones with larger air spaces in them; can help decrease an animals’ body weight

trabeculae

parts of bones that give structural support

contour feathers

feathers that have interlocking barbs, are strong and are flexible; because they interlock they are described as having an “uninterrupted space”

down feathers

feathers that are insulating and do not interlock; because they don’t interlock, there are spaces between them which allows warm air to be trapped

Mammalia

1. under Subphylum Vertebrata

2. endothermic

3. have hair

4. types of teeth indicate diet

5. have mammary glands

6. have 3 clades

1. monotremes

2. marsupials

3. eutherians

3 Clades of Mammalia

Monotremes

1. under Mammalia

2. lay leathery eggs

3. have no teeth (unless you’re a baby platypus)

4. when babies hatch they hatch from a fetal state and finish development in a nest

5. the body temperature of these mammals is lower than the other 2 clades

1. platypus

2. echindas

Monotremes

Marsupials

1. under Mammalia

2. young are born fetally and go to the pouch after birth

3. embryo’s continue to develop in pouches

4. the pouch receives milk to help with development

5. young can leave the pouch to develop survival skills then come back to sleep in the pouch

6. mainly found in Australia with only one being found in North America

1. kangaroo

2. koala

3. bandicoot

4. tasmanian devil

5. quokka

6. opossum

Marsupials

Eutherians

1. under Mammalia

2. most mammals and also true placental mammals

3. have a placenta that helps to facilitate gas, fluid, nutrient exchange, and waste excretion

Order Primates

1. under Eutherians

2. have brains larger than most mammals

3. have flattened nails instead of claws

4. typically have 1 offspring per pregnancy

5. tend to hold bodies in upright positions

6. have adaptations for climbing

Order Primates’ adaptations for climbing

1. rotating shoulder joint

2. a thumb that is significantly distanced from other fingers

3. stereoscopic vision

stereoscopic vision

vision that allows for depth perception and the ability to gauge distance; an adaptation for climbing in Primates

Prosimians

1. under Order Primates of Eutherians

2. have smaller brains

3. are nocturnal

4. many went extinct due to colder temperatures

Anthropoids

1. under Order Primates of Eutherians

2. Old World Monkeys

   1. from Africa and Asia

   2. no tails

3. New World Monkeys

   1. from South America

   2. are arboreal

   3. have grasping tails

1. Apes

2. Chimps

3. Gorillas

4. Orangutans

5. Humans

Anthropoids of Order Primates (Old World Monkeys)

Family Hominidae

1. under Order Primates

2. have full/true bipedalism

3. have larger brains than other Primates

4. have full opposable thumbs