Anat 1 Lecture Ch. 6 - Bones and Skeletal Tissue

muscular

The skeletal system works with the ______ system to produce movement

Calcium, phosphate, growth factors, and lipids

List 4 things stored in bone

Blood cells

What type of cells does bone marrow make?

Chondrocytes

What is the name of the cell found in cartilage?

Osteocytes

What is the name of the cell found in bone?

No

Does cartilage have blood vessels?

Yes, many

Does bone have blood vessels?

Perichondrium

The connective tissue covering of cartilage is called:

Periosteum

The connective tissue covering of bone is called:

Bone heals faster because of the osteoblasts and healing depends on your age as well as how good of a blood flow you’re getting

Which heals faster, bone or cartilage? Why?

Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic (rib) cage, hyoid bone

Which bones are in the axial skeleton?

Pectoral, pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs (so bones of arms and legs and their holders)

Which bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Axial

Is the hyoid in the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular

Is the clavicle in the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular

Is the os coxa in the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Long bone

What shape is the femur?

Long bone

What shape are the phalanges?

longer

Long bone is ____ than it is wide

size

Remember: Shape, NOT _______

Short bone (cubes)

What shape are carpals and tarsals?

Sesamoid and short

What shape is the patella? (two answers)

Flat

What shape are ribs?

Flat

What is shape are the frontal and parietal bones of the skull?

Flat

What shape is the sternum?

Irregular

What shape is the sphenoid?

Irregular

What shape is the os coxa?

Irregular

What shape are vertebrae?

Ramus

An arm-like bar of bones that makes an angle

Process

Any projection or bump

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregular shape

Tuberosity

Large, rounded projection which may be roughened

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Crest

A narrow prominent bone ridge

Line

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

Spine

Sharp, slender, pointed projection

Head

A bony projection carried on a narrower neck

Neck

The narrow projection that holds the head of the bone

Condyle

Rounded articular projection

Epicondyle

Eminence above the condyle

Trochlea

Smooth grooved process shaped like a pulley

Facet

Smooth, nearly flat, articular surface

Fossa

A shallow depression in a bone, often serving as the articular surface of the bone

Foramen

A hole, usually oval

Meatus

A tunnel or passageway

Fissure

Narrow slit opening

Sinus

Cavity within the bone that is filled with air

Osteoid, Mineral Salts, Cells

List the organic components of bone

Sesamoid Bone

Small and sesame seed shaped; special short bone which grows inside a tendon

Flat Bones

These bones are thin, flat, and carved

Ribs, sternum, scapulae, and some bones of the skull

What are a few examples of flat bones?

Irregular Bones

These are bones that do not fit easily into the other categories

Osteoid

Organic matrix of bone

Mineral Salts

Inorganic part of bone

Calcium and phosphate

List the inorganic components of bone

Collagen fibers and ground substance

What is osteoid made of?

Calcium and phosphate

What minerals are present in bone? (2)

Hydroxyapatite

Which component of the bone makes it hard and able to resist squashing?

Osteoid collagen fibers

Which component of bone makes it able to resist stretching?

Collagen fibers are destroyed and the bone is brittle after cooking

If you cook a bone, what is destroyed? Is the bone brittle or bendy after cooking?

It is bendy because the acid dissolved the calcium, which is the mineral responsible for the bone’s rigidity. Once the calcium is removed, only the collagen remains.

If you soak a bone in acid, why is it bendy?

because of the high levels of phosphoric acid which disrupts the body’s calcium-phosphorus balance, leading to increased bone resorption (the breakdown of bone)

Why is drinking soda (pH 4) bad for your bone density?

Osteogenic

The stem cells of bone are called:

Osteoblasts

The cell that builds bone is called:

Osteocytes

The cell that maintains mature bone is:

Osteoclasts

The cell that chops up (breaks down) bone is:

osteocytes

Osteoblasts turn into ________ as they age

Osteoblasts

If there is a fracture, osteocytes can revert back to ____ to repair the fracture

Osteoblasts

As you get older, which cell diminishes in number?

Spongy bone

Label A

Compact bone

Label B

Long bone

What is this structure as a whole? Long or flat bone?

Flat

What is this structure as a whole? Long or flat bone?

Compact bone

Label A

Spongy bone

Label B

On the epiphyses

Where is spongy bone found in a long bone?

On the shaft

Where is compact bone found in a long bone?

On the outside

Where is compact bone found in a flat bone?

On the middle part

Where is spongy bone found in a flat bone?

Red bone marrow

What is in the spaces in the spongy bone?

Osteon

The structural unit of compact bone is a circular structure called an

central

At the center of every osteon, there is a hole called the ______ canal

Artery, vein, blood vessels

What is usually found in the central canal?

horizontally

If central canals go vertically through the bone, perforating canals go

Cross links between central canals

What do perforating canals do?

Concentric lamella

The circular layers of bone around the central canal are called

interstitial

The filler bone between the circular osteons is called __________ lamella

Lacunae

Osteocytes live in spaces which have a name that means “tiny lakes”. What is the name of the space where the osteocyte lives?

Canaliculi

Osteocytes are all connected to each other. The tiny canals which house the osteocyte connections are called

Trabeculae

The bars “little beams” of spongy bone are called

red

Between the trabeculae there are spaces which contain ____ bone marrow

endosteum

The trabeculae are covered by

Stress

Trabeculae are not random. The bars of bone are orientated along the

Diaphysis

The shaft of the bone is called the: (B)

Epiphysis

The ends of the bones are called: (A and C)

proximal

The end of the bone closest to the torso is called the _______ epiphysis

distal

The end of the bone furthest from the torso is called the _____ epiphysis

epiphyseal plate

The growth plate of bone is called the ________

Epiphyseal line

When the bone is finished growing the epiphyseal plate turns into: (E)

plate

A slice through a child’s bone would reveal an epiphyseal ______