dominance theory
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Last updated 7:09 PM on 3/4/23
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9 Terms
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dominance theory - Schulz and Lakoff
dominance theories examine language use in respect to men being more dominant. S&L conducted research into the terms which refer to men and women
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suffix ‘-ess’
they looked at terms which are marked in a way to identify them as different
the research details that the ‘-ess’ suffix marks out a feminine equivalent e.g. actress
the research details that the ‘-ess’ suffix marks out a feminine equivalent e.g. actress
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semantic derogation
they also looked at semantic derogation. this is where words have gained negative connotations as time has progresses e.g. masters’ female equivalent ‘mistress’ which has connotations of prostitution
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Stanley
research from the 70s examined the number of insults for women against men
found 220 to describe promiscuous women vs 20 for men
found 220 to describe promiscuous women vs 20 for men
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Tyger Drew-Honey 2015
asked people in the streets how they would describe a woman who had slept with 30 men and how they would describe a man who had slept with 30 women
both men and women described the woman as a ‘slag’ and ‘slut’ whereas the man was labelled as a ‘lad’
both men and women described the woman as a ‘slag’ and ‘slut’ whereas the man was labelled as a ‘lad’
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Janet Holmes
researched into the way women were referred to in affectionate nominatives
noted that the nominates used for women were predominately from the semantic fields of food and animals e.g. ‘sugar’ ‘honey’ ‘bitch’ and ‘cow’
noted that the nominates used for women were predominately from the semantic fields of food and animals e.g. ‘sugar’ ‘honey’ ‘bitch’ and ‘cow’
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Dale Spender
believes that there is a culture of male as norm in which men are the dominant models and women are add-ons
e.g. the fact that men are almost always introduced first and when women are not introduced first, it is symbolic of their lesser role e.g. mothers and fathers puts women in a maternal role
words like mankind add to the idea that men are the norm
e.g. the fact that men are almost always introduced first and when women are not introduced first, it is symbolic of their lesser role e.g. mothers and fathers puts women in a maternal role
words like mankind add to the idea that men are the norm
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gender neutral words
there has been a recent backlash against the term history (his story) as an attempt to try to claim that history is the story of men
all of this has caused a reshuffling and reclaiming of words for more gender neutral words like headteacher instead of headmaster
all of this has caused a reshuffling and reclaiming of words for more gender neutral words like headteacher instead of headmaster
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Germaine Greer - c\*nt
she has tried to linguistically reclaim the term ‘c\*nt’ in an attempt to remove the negative connotations attached to the female genitals