A&P final

terms from the slides

NO (vasodilator)

sexual stimulation

cryptorchidism

testes do not descend

7 months development

testes descend at

inguinal canal

the canal through which testes descend

inguinal hernia

protrusion of viscera due to weak point

cremaster muscle

contracts and relaxes scrotum to maintain optimum temperature for spermatogenesis

myoid cells

smooth muscles cells that surround seminiferous tubule to squeeze sperm out of testes

leydig cell

produce estrogen & testosterone

interstitial endocrine cells

where are leydig cells

sertoli cells

tight junctions create blood testis barrier

sterocilia

non-motile microvilli in epididymis to reabsorb degenerated cells and allow excess testicular fluids to pass nutrients

defensin

epididymis contains enzyme that makes sperms motile

20 days

takes how many days to be able to swim

alkaline

seminal fluid is

fructose

seminal vesicle contains what sugar

prostaglandin

seminal vesicle contribute to sperm motility with what

slightly acidic

prostate gland is

clotting proteins from seminal vesicles

prostate gland contain enzyme that break down 1. c

seminal plasmin antibiotic

prostate gland contain enzyme that break down 2. s

prostate specific antigen

prostate gland contain this antigen

oogenesis

LH female

primary oocyte → secondary oocyte

what is oogenesis

ovulation

LH female

turn ruptured follicle to corpus luteum

LH female

production of progesterone from corpus luteum

LH female

interstitial cells in testes secrete testosterone

LH male

follicle growth & maturation, estrogen production

FSH female f

estrogen production

FSH female e

establish testosterone receptors on tubules

FSH male

FSH

inhibin inhibits

maturing follicles & corpus luteum

estrogen source

stimulating proliferative phase of uterine cycle

estrogen targets uterus by

promoting oogenesis

estrogen targets ovaries by

stimulating burst-like release of LH & thickening of endometrium

estrogen targets ant. pituitary by

corpus luteum (early) placenta (late)

progesterone source

maintain thickened endometrium

progesterone targets uterus

stimulate nutrient release

progesterone targets uterus

quiets myometrium

progesterone targets uterus

development of alveoli

progesterone targets breasts

inhibits FSH & LH

progesterone targets anterior pituitary

moderate inhibition of hypothalamus & pituitary

testosterone targets anterior pituitary

spermatogenesis completed

testosterone targets seminiferous tubules

digest vaginal mucous secretion

protease

seminal plasmin

antibiotic prostatic enzyme

e. coli

seminal plasmin kills

prostatic enzyme

coagulate semen within a few minutes

fibrinogen to fibrin

prostatic enzyme converts

fibrinolysin

liquefies clotted semen after 30 minutes

birth canal

functions of vagina b

passageway for menstrual flow

functions of vagina p

organ of copulation

functions of vagina o

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

myometrium contraction

hypothalamus

oxytocin manufactured in

anterior pituitary

prolactin manufactured in

anterior pituitary

prolactin and oxytocin released in

trophoblasts of blastocyst & chorion

hCG source

maintain corpus luteum--produce progesterone (first 4 mo)

hCG function

contain hyaluronidase to burrow into endometrium

trophoblast cells

grow microvilli into endometrium

trophoblast cells

prophase I by synapse

tetrads are formed in

survive anaphase I

in meiosis, centromeres

prophase I

crossing over occurs in

mitosis is single file, meiosis is double file

mitosis v meiosis

46 → 23 x 2 (reduction division)

meiosis I

23 → 23 x 2 (same as mitosis)

meiosis II

46 → 46 x 2

mitosis

64 \~ 72 days

formation of primary spermatocyte to release of sperm into lumen takes

mitosis from spermatogonium

primary spermatocyte is formed by

meiosis I

secondary spermatocyte is formed by

meiosis II

spermatid is formed by

spermiogenesis

spermatozoa is formed by

hydrolytic enzyme to dissolve corona radiata

acrosomal cap contains

end of prophase I until puberty

primary oocyte stalled at

right before meiosis II until ovulation

secondary oocyte suspended at

crossing over at prophase I

genetic variation

random alignment at metaphase I

genetic variation

chance meeting of gametes

genetic variation

occurs upon contact with epididymis secretion

capacitation

calcium

cortical reaction is triggered by

destroy zona pellucida’s sperm-binding receptors and clear out extra sperm

cortical reaction

harden zona pellucida

zona reaction during cortical reaction

calcium and zinc

formation of female pronucleus is triggered by

calcium and zinc

second polar body formed by

amphimixis

fusion of female and male pronucleus

first 2 weeks (conception \~ implantation

germinal development

week 3 \~8 (implantation \~ first bone cell formation)

embryonic development

week 9 \~birth

fetal development

first ten weeks

first trimester

second trimester

third trimester

day 6

blastocyst reaches uterus on

day 9

blastocyst form amniotic cavity

day 10

hyaluronidase dissolve endometrium & burrow (implantation) on

day 12

gastrula develops on

placental growth near the cervical opening

placenta previa

number of prior pregnancies, twins or triplets, prior c-section scar near cervix

placenta previa caused by

spotting during first and second trimesters & profuse, painless bleeding

placenta previa symptoms

placental separation before delivery

placental abruption

teratogens, diabetes, hypertension

placental abruption caused by