Muslim Response to the Crusades

Who did Shi'ah muslims believe should rule?

Direct descendants of Mohamed, through his wife Fatima or son-in-law Ali

How did Sunnis believe government should be run?

According to the Muslim ideals of Sunna and Shari'a

Who died in 1092?

Malik Shah, Sultan of the Seljuk Empire

What happens in Jerusalem in 1098?

The Fatimids take the city from the Abbasids

What caused the division of the Seljuk empire?

The conflict between Ridwan of Aleppo and his brother, Duqaq of Damascus, which resulted in the death of Malik Shah's brother, ruler of Syria

Who was Kilij Arslan?

The Seljuk Sultan of Rum

When did the First Crusaders arrive at Nicaea?

6 May 1097

Why didn't Kilij Arslan stop the siege of Nicaea?

He was occupied elsewhere, a massive missed opportunity which may have stopped the crusade

Why did the Crusaders succeed in capturing Nicaea on the 18 June?

1) Kilij Arslan's delay in preventing the attack

2) Their use of blockades and siege weapons

3) Their use of Byzantine Ships to blockade the water entrance to the city

When was the attack at Dorylaeum?

1 July 1097

What event caused Kilij Arslan to retreat from Dorylaeum?

The arrival of Godfrey's forces, 5 hours after the attack began

What were the effects of Kilij Arslan's defeat at Dorylaeum?

1) The loss of his reputation as a militarily strong sultan

2) Byzantium had the opportunity to reoccupy much of the Rum region

3) The Turkish forces were temporarily wiped out, having lost 3,000 men

4) Crusaders were now accustomed to Muslim tactics

When did the Crusaders begin the Siege of Antioch?

October 1097

Who led the initial (unsuccessful) muslim response to Antioch in Dec 1097?

Duqaq and his atabeg Tughtegin

What happens at Antioch in Feb 1098?

Ridwan of Aleppo arrives with 12,000 men, but is defeated by Bohemond's use of a cavalry charge

Who was Kerbogha?

The Governor of Mosul

When does Kerbogha start his assault of Antioch?

9 June 1098

What had Kerbogha been trying to do for 3 weeks before Antioch?

Attempting to recapture Edessa

Why did the crusaders succeed in the Siege of Antioch?

1) Not all of Kerbogha's troops were loyal to him

2) Kerbogha spread his troops around the city, weakening his offensive

3) The Fatimids had offered a peace deal to the crusaders, meaning they didn't support Kerbogha's offensive

Who payed the Crusaders to ensure his city's protection on their way to Jerusalem?

The Emir of Homs

When did the First Crusaders arrive in Jerusalem?

June 1099

How did Zengi reduce the power of the Franks?

He captured their castles and their territory near Tripoli

What were threats to Zengi's power?

1) Damascene-Frankish alliance against Zengi (1140)

2) Artuquid Turks limited his power

3) Seljuk Turks (had influence in Anatolia and the North-West)

4) Franks launched attacks against him in 1130's

5) Byzantines attacked Shaizar in 1138, nearly capturing it

What left Edessa vulnerable to Zengi's attack in 1144?

Count Joscelin II had an alliance with the Artuquids, which meant he had to go support them in Nov 1144

How many Edessans died during the siege of Edessa in 1144?

15,000

When and how did Zengi die?

Sep 1146, assassinated by a slave

Who were Zengi's two sons, who inherited his land after his death?

Nur ad-Din (Aleppo) and Sayf al-Din Ghazi (Mosul)

Who did Nur ally against Antioch with in 1146?

The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Which battle, in June 1149, was a major victory for Nur against Antioch?

Battle of Inab

How did Nur consolidate power in Edessa?

Nov 1146, Edessa rebels against Islamic rule, but he forces them to surrender, killing 30,000 Edessans

When did Nur take Damascus?

April 1154

What significant battle occurred in Aug 1164?

Battle of Artah, the franks are defeated by Nur and Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli are captured

How many attacks on Egypt did the franks launch in the 1160s?

5

What did the treaty between the Franks and the Egyptian Vizier, Shawar, state the franks would do?

They wouldn't leave Egypt until Nur was defeated, in exchange for 400,000 dinars

Who was Nur al-Din's second in command?

Shirkuh, uncle of Saladin

When did Shirkuh enter Cairo, declaring himself Shawar's heir?

8 Jan 1169

When did Saladin become Vizier?

26 March 1169

How did Saladin consolidate his power in Egypt?

1) He placed family members in key positions (his father became treasurer)

2) He created a military corp purely for his own protection

How did Saladin ensure his legitimacy in Egypt?

Sep 1171, He appointed the Abbasid Caliph in Damascus (whom he held his authority from) as the Fatimid Caliph in Cairo

When did Nur ad-Din die?

15th May 1174

How did Saladin take Damascus?

Oct 1174, he marches in peacefully, declares himself ruler, and married Nur's widow in 1176

Why was Saladin unable to conquer Mosul?

He got ill, so had to make permanent peace with them, but he is accepted as overlord in Feb 1186

What did Saladin do in 1180 and 1185?

Signed truces with Franks which gave him time to consolidate power in Syria

What city was captured by Saladin to entice Guy to march his troops toward Hattin?

Tiberias, Jul 1187

When was the Battle of Hattin?

4 July 1187

What was Balian of Nablus forced to do to defend Jerusalem in 1187?

He knighted every nobleman over 16

When did Jerusalem fall to Saladin?

2 Oct 1187

Why did many of Saladin's Emirs withdraw their support after Jerusalem?

They wanted to return home and Saladin's consolidation of power was very expensive

How much was Saladin spending during his consolidation of power?

20,000 dinars a day

What was a significant blow to Saladin?

The Muslim defeat at Acre, July 1191