Unit 1 Apes review

Unit 3 Apes Review

Unit 2 Apes Review

- [ ] K and R specialist species refer to two different reproductive strategies. K-selected species produce fewer offspring but invest more in each one, focusing on quality and survival. R-selected species, on the other hand, produce many offspring with less parental care, focusing on quantity and rapid growth. Both strategies have their advantages depending on environmental conditions. - [ ] Cycle - [ ] 1. Phosphorus Cycle: Phosphorus moves through rocks, water, soil, and organisms. It starts with the weathering of rocks, releasing phosphate into the soil. Plants absorb this phosphate, and animals obtain it by eating plants or other animals. Phosphorus returns to the environment through decomposition and waste. - [ ] 2. Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen moves from the atmosphere into the soil and living organisms. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms plants can use. Animals get nitrogen by eating plants or other animals. Decomposition and denitrification return nitrogen to the atmosphere. - [ ] 3. Carbon Cycle: Carbon moves between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. Plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, and animals release carbon dioxide through respiration. Carbon also cycles through the environment via decomposition, fossil fuel combustion, and ocean absorption. - [ ] 4. Water Cycle: Water evaporates from surfaces, condenses into clouds, and falls as precipitation. It collects in bodies of water or infiltrates into the ground, eventually evaporating again. This cycle is vital for distributing fresh water across the planet. - [ ] Horizon soil - [ ] 1. O Horizon: The topmost layer, primarily composed of organic matter like decomposed leaves and plants. - [ ] 2. A Horizon (Topsoil): A mix of minerals and organic matter, this layer is crucial for plant growth and usually darker due to humus. - [ ] 3. B Horizon (Subsoil): Rich in minerals that have leached down from the upper layers, this layer is often denser and contains less organic matter. - [ ] 4. C Horizon (Parent Material): Composed of weathered rock and little organic material, this layer is the source of the soil’s mineral content. - [ ] 5. R Horizon (Bedrock): The bottommost layer, consisting of unweathered rock, which can eventually break down to form the upper layers. - [ ] Atmosphere - [ ] - [ ] Certainly! Earth’s atmosphere is divided into distinct layers, each with unique characteristics: - [ ] 1. Troposphere: The lowest layer, extending up to about 8-15 kilometers (5-9 miles) above Earth’s surface. This is where weather occurs and where we live. The temperature decreases with altitude. - [ ] 2. Stratosphere: Above the troposphere, reaching up to about 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. It contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters ultraviolet solar radiation. The temperature increases with altitude in this layer. - [ ] 3. Mesosphere: Extends from the top of the stratosphere to about 85 kilometers (53 miles) high. Meteors burn up in this layer, creating shooting stars. The temperature decreases with altitude, making it the coldest atmospheric layer. - [ ] 4. Thermosphere: Extends from the top of the mesosphere to 600 kilometers (373 miles) high. This layer contains the ionosphere, where auroras occur and where the space shuttles and International Space Station orbit. The temperature increases significantly with altitude. - [ ] 5. Exosphere: The outermost layer, extending from the top of the thermosphere to 10,000 kilometers (6,200 miles) high. This layer gradually fades into outer space and contains very thin air. - [ ] Age structure stages - [ ] - [ ] Certainly! These stages are part of the demographic transition model, which describes how populations change over time as a country develops economically. There are typically four stages: - [ ] 1. Pre-industrial Stage: Characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in slow population growth. Limited medical knowledge, poor sanitation, and low agricultural productivity contribute to high mortality. - [ ] 2. Transitional Stage: Death rates begin to decline due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and food supply. However, birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth. - [ ] Of course! Continuing from where we left off: - [ ] 3. Industrial Stage: Birth rates start to decline, influenced by increased access to contraception, higher education levels (especially for women), and urbanization. Death rates remain low, slowing population growth. - [ ] 4. Post-industrial Stage: Both birth and death rates are low, leading to a stable or even declining population. Societies in this stage tend to focus on sustainability and managing aging populations. - [ ] Key stone species - [ ] Certainly! Keystone species are organisms that have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystems relative to their abundance. They play a critical role in maintaining the structure, diversity, and functioning of their environment. Without them, ecosystems can become unbalanced or collapse. Here are the types and examples of keystone species: Types of Keystone Species: 1. Predators: Control the populations of prey species, preventing overpopulation and maintaining biodiversity. • Example: Sea otters in kelp forest ecosystems. They prey on sea urchins, which would otherwise overgraze kelp and destroy the habitat. 2. Ecosystem Engineers: Physically alter their environment in ways that create habitats for other species. • Example: Beavers build dams, creating ponds that support diverse aquatic life. 3. Mutualists: Engage in interactions that are essential for the survival of other species. • Example: Hummingbirds pollinate certain flowers, enabling plant reproduction. 4. Prey: Provide a critical food source for predators. • Example: Krill in marine ecosystems feed whales, seals, and seabirds. Why Keystone Species Matter: - [ ] • They regulate populations, preventing any one species from dominating. - [ ] • Their presence supports a wide variety of other organisms. - [ ] • Their removal often leads to cascading effects, drastically altering the ecosystem. - [ ] - [ ] Studying and protecting keystone species is vital for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem stability.

Unit 4 Apes review