Results for "turns"

1Traffic Lanes, Markings, and Turns: Essential Road Rules and Signs

1Traffic Lanes, Markings, and Turns: Essential Road Rules and Signs

S turns and shelves

Landing, steep turns,and emergency checklists

4. DE 'TURNS' + POSTKOLONIALE EN GLOBALE BENADERINGEN

Procedure turns

Intersections and Turns-ch 5

Task A: Steep Turns

turns

TOURIST TURNS TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Overtaking and u-turns

Spanish - Ordinal Numbers

Lecture 26 - Turns and V-n diagram

Gas Turbine Engines 1Front: On an axial flow, dual compressor forward fan engine, the fan turns the same speed as the: Back: low pressure turbine. Front: A turbo jet engine gives: Back: large acceleration to a small mass of air. Front: The basic gas tur

Descending turns

Climbing turns

MEDIUM LEVEL TURNS

4. Metals and Non-metals Learning Objectives By the end of the lesson, you will be able to: ☑ distinguish between metals and non-metals ☑ describe the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals ☑ list the uses of some metals and non-metals MINERALS AND ORES You have learnt that all materials Here is the exact text from the image:are made up of basic substances called elements, and that elements cannot be split into simpler substances by chemical methods. There are 118 known elements. Sodium, zinc, gold, mercury, iron, lead, barium and tin (metals); and hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, sulphur, chlorine, boron, neon and radon (non-metals) are some examples. Only certain unreactive elements are found free in nature. Others occur in combined states as minerals. A mineral is a solid inorganic substance that is found in nature. A mineral deposit that can be mined and from which an element or compound can be obtained profitably is known as an ore. Elements can be broadly classified into two groups—metals and non-metals. Table 4.1 Some common ores Fig. 4.1 Some common ores a. Bauxite (aluminium) b. Malachite (copper) c. Haematite (iron) d. Galena (lead) e. Apatite (phosphorus) f. Quartz (silicon) -- --- METALS All except 20 of the known elements are metals. Most metals are reactive; they combine with other elements in nature, such as oxygen and sulphur, and occur as oxides, sulphides and carbonates. Only a few unreactive metals like gold, silver and platinum are found as free metals in the Earth's crust. Physical Properties of Metals Metals are solids at room temperature, except mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature (Fig. 4.2(a)). They are generally hard and strong, with a few exceptions such as sodium and potassium, which are soft and can be easily cut with a knife (Fig. 4.2(b)). They have a metallic lustre (shine), especially when freshly cut. They have high melting and boiling points, with a few exceptions like sodium, potassium and mercury. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. Silver and copper are the best conductors of electricity, followed by gold and aluminium. Metals are sonorous. They produce a ringing sound when struck. Most metals have high tensile strength. They can take heavy loads without breaking. They are malleable. Metals, with exceptions like sodium and potassium, can be beaten into thin sheets and foils. They are ductile. Metals, with exception like sodium and potassium, can be drawn into wires. Most metals have high density. However, sodium and potassium have low density and float on water. Fig. 4.2 Special metals a. Mercury b. Sodium --- Chemical Properties of Metals Reaction with oxygen Metals react with oxygen under different conditions to form basic oxides. These basic oxides react with water to form bases. Sodium and potassium react vigorously with oxygen at room temperature. 4Na + O_2 \rightarrow 2Na_2O To prevent this oxidation, sodium and potassium are stored under kerosene. Magnesium reacts with oxygen only when ignited. It burns with a dazzling bright flame and forms a white powder of magnesium oxide. 2Mg + O_2 \rightarrow 2MgO Copper and iron react with oxygen only when heated to a very high temperature. 2Cu + O_2 \rightarrow 2CuO --- --- Reaction with water Metals react with water to form hydroxides or oxides, along with hydrogen. Different metals react at different temperatures. Sodium, potassium, and calcium react with cold water to form hydroxides. 2Na + 2H_2O \rightarrow 2NaOH + H_2 Magnesium Reacts with steam or hot water to form magnesium oxide. Mg + H_2O \rightarrow MgO + H_2 Aluminium Forms an oxide too, but this oxide forms a protective covering over the metal and prevents further reactions. 2Al + 3H_2O \rightarrow Al_2O_3 + 3H_2 Zinc Reacts only with steam. Zn + H_2O \rightarrow ZnO + H_2 Iron Reacts with steam when heated strongly. 2Fe + 3H_2O \rightarrow Fe_3O_4 + 3H_2 Copper, gold, silver, and platinum do not react with water at all. --- Activity 4.1 Teacher Demonstration Aim: To study the reaction of metals with water. [Caution: This activity should be demonstrated by the teacher, and students should stand away from the table.] Materials required: Two 200 mL beakers Pieces of sodium and calcium Forceps Knife Litmus papers Water Method: 1. Fill each beaker with 100 mL of water. 2. Using forceps and a knife, cut a small piece of sodium. 3. Dry it on a tissue paper and drop it into one of the beakers. 4. Repeat the same procedure with calcium. 5. Test the water in both the beakers with red and blue litmus papers. Observations and Conclusions: Sodium reacts vigorously and may explode. A gas is also released. The reaction with calcium is quick, though not as vigorous as that with sodium. In both cases, the red litmus paper turns blue, showing that the solutions are bases. --- Reaction with dilute acids Most metals react with dilute acids to form their salts and liberate hydrogen gas. The reaction with reactive metals like sodium, potassium, and calcium is violent. Magnesium, aluminium, zinc, and iron do not react violently. Mg + 2HCl \rightarrow MgCl_2 + H_2 Copper, silver, gold, and platinum do not react with dilute acids. --- Reaction with bases Only some metals such as aluminium and zinc react with strong bases like sodium hydroxide to liberate hydrogen gas. Zn + 2NaOH \rightarrow Na_2ZnO_2 + H_2 --- Activity 4.2 Aim: To study the reaction of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid. Materials required: Sandpaper Six test tubes Dilute hydrochloric acid Strips of magnesium, zinc, iron, tin, lead, and copper Method: 1. Clean the metal strips with sandpaper. 2. Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the six test tubes. 3. Insert a strip of metal into each test tube. Observe if any bubbles are formed in the test tubes. If no bubbles are seen, warm them gently in a beaker of hot water. 4. Observe the speed at which gas is generated. This gives an idea of the speed of the reaction. 5. Classify the metals in order of their reactivity with dilute hydrochloric acid. [Caution: Acids are corrosive and should be handled carefully.] --- Activity 4.3 Aim: To study the reaction of metals with bases. Materials required: Small piece of zinc Beaker Sodium hydroxide Method: 1. Prepare warm sodium hydroxide or caustic soda solution. 2. Drop the piece of zinc into it. Observations and Conclusions: You will notice that zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide to liberate hydrogen gas. Observations on Metals with Dilute Acids Metals like sodium, potassium, and calcium react violently with dilute acids to liberate hydrogen gas. Magnesium, aluminium, zinc, and iron also displace hydrogen from dilute acids, but the reaction is not violent. Metals such as copper, silver, gold, and platinum do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids. --- Activity Series of Metals The activity series of metals is the arrangement of metals in decreasing order of reactivity. The series in the book shows reactivity decreasing from top to bottom. Potassium is the most reactive metal while gold is the least reactive. --- Displacement of a Metal by Other Metals A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compounds in an aqueous solution. Some examples: Mg + CuSO_4 \rightarrow MgSO_4 + Cu Zn + FeSO_4 \rightarrow ZnSO_4 + Fe Iron can displace copper from copper sulphate solution (as shown in Activity 4.4). The solution turns green, and reddish-brown copper deposits on the iron nail. Copper cannot displace iron from iron sulphate solution, showing that copper is less reactive than iron. Cu + FeSO_4 \rightarrow \text{No reaction} Question: What do you think will happen if you place a silver spoon in copper sulphate solution? --- Activity 4.4 - Displacement Reaction Aim: To study a displacement reaction. Materials Required: Test tube Iron nail Copper sulphate solution Method: 1. Fill the test tube with copper sulphate solution (blue in colour). 2. Place the clean iron nail in the solution. Observations and Conclusions: After about an hour, the solution changes to green, and a reddish-brown deposit is formed on the iron nail. --- Corrosion of Metals Corrosion is the destruction or damage of a material due to chemical reaction. Rusting of iron happens when iron is exposed to moist air, forming a reddish-brown layer of rust. Rust is iron oxide, which eventually flakes off, damaging the object. Definition written on the page: "Slow eating of a metal’s surface due to oxidation is called corrosion of metals." --Observations on Metals with Dilute Acids Metals like sodium, potassium, and calcium react violently with dilute acids to liberate hydrogen gas. Magnesium, aluminium, zinc, and iron also displace hydrogen from dilute acids, but the reaction is not violent. Metals such as copper, silver, gold, and platinum do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids. --- Activity Series of Metals The activity series of metals is the arrangement of metals in decreasing order of reactivity. The series in the book shows reactivity decreasing from top to bottom. Potassium is the most reactive metal while gold is the least reactive. --- Displacement of a Metal by Other Metals A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compounds in an aqueous solution. Some examples: Mg + CuSO_4 \rightarrow MgSO_4 + Cu Zn + FeSO_4 \rightarrow ZnSO_4 + Fe Iron can displace copper from copper sulphate solution (as shown in Activity 4.4). The solution turns green, and reddish-brown copper deposits on the iron nail. Copper cannot displace iron from iron sulphate solution, showing that copper is less reactive than iron. Cu + FeSO_4 \rightarrow \text{No reaction} Question: What do you think will happen if you place a silver spoon in copper sulphate solution? --- Activity 4.4 - Displacement Reaction Aim: To study a displacement reaction. Materials Required: Test tube Iron nail Copper sulphate solution Method: 1. Fill the test tube with copper sulphate solution (blue in colour). 2. Place the clean iron nail in the solution. Observations and Conclusions: After about an hour, the solution changes to green, and a reddish-brown deposit is formed on the iron nail. --- Corrosion of Metals Corrosion is the destruction or damage of a material due to chemical reaction. Rusting of iron happens when iron is exposed to moist air, forming a reddish-brown layer of rust. Rust is iron oxide, which eventually flakes off, damaging the object. Definition written on the page: "Slow eating of a metal’s surface due to oxidation is called corrosion of metals." Uses of Metals (Continued) Aluminium Used in high-voltage electric lines. Alloys like duralumin and magnalium are used in aircraft and automobile bodies. Used for making aluminium foil and cooking utensils. Copper Good conductor of electricity → Used in electrical wires, cables, motors, and transformers. Good conductor of heat → Used in the bottoms of stainless steel vessels. Zinc Used to make corrosion-resistant galvanised iron (GI) pipes and sheets. Used as an electrode in dry cells. Other Metals Gold and silver → Used in jewellery. Lead → Used in electrodes of lead storage batteries (used in automobiles and inverters). Chromium → Used for electroplating iron to give a shiny, corrosion-resistant finish. --- Looking Back (True/False Statements) 1. Gold, silver, and platinum are found in the Earth’s crust as free metals. → True 2. Most metals are solids that are soft. → False 3. Metals such as zinc and magnesium react with dilute acids to liberate oxygen. → False 4. A less reactive metal displaces a more reactive metal from its aqueous solution. → False 5. The chemical name of rust is zinc oxide. → False (Rust is Fe₂O₃.xH₂O) 6. Coating zinc objects with iron is called galvanising. → False (Galvanising is coating iron with zinc) Non-Metals Physical Properties of Non-Metals Exist as gases or solids at room temperature (except bromine, which is liquid). Not as hard as metals (except diamond, which is very hard). Low tensile strength and low density. Low melting and boiling points (except graphite). Not sonorous (do not produce a ringing sound). Not malleable or ductile (cannot be beaten into sheets or drawn into wires). Do not have lustre (except iodine and graphite). Bad conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite, and silicon under specific conditions). --Chemical Properties of Non-Metals Reaction with Water Most non-metals do not react with water. Highly reactive non-metals (e.g., phosphorus) catch fire in air, so they are stored in water. Fluorine, chlorine, and bromine react with water to form acids. Reaction with Oxygen Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic or neutral oxides. Carbon and sulfur react with oxygen to form acidic oxides, which dissolve in water to form acids. Some oxides (e.g., CO, N₂O) are neutral and do not form acids. Examples: Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) CO₂ + Water → Carbonic Acid (H₂CO₃) Sulfur + Oxygen → Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) SO₂ + Water → Sulfurous Acid (H₂SO₃) Reaction with Acids Unlike metals, non-metals do not replace hydrogen in acids. Silicon reacts with hydrofluoric acid (HF). --Uses of Non-Metals Hydrogen Used in the manufacture of ammonia and industrial chemicals. Used in vanaspati (a cooking oil). Oxygen Used in breathing support systems in hospitals. Used with other gases in equipment to weld metals. Sulphur Used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide gas, and other industrial chemicals. Used to make pesticides for agriculture. Used in vulcanising rubber (making it harder) and in gunpowder. Nitrogen Used in the manufacture of ammonia and nitrogenous fertilisers like ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate. Used as an inert gas in processed food packaging to prevent rancidity. Silicon Used in making semiconductors for microchips. Silicates (oxides of silicon) are used in making glass. Other Non-Metals Phosphorus: Used in making fertilisers (superphosphates). Chlorine: Used for disinfecting drinking water. Argon: Used in welding stainless steel and filling electric bulbs. Helium: Used in balloons for meteorological observations. Neon: Used in fluorescent lights for advertisement displays

1. Hyperemesis Gravidarum/ Pernicious Vomiting Definition: Excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, extending beyond week 12 or causing dehydration, ketonuria, and significant weight loss within the first 12 weeks. Incidence: 1 in 200-300 women Cause: Unknown, but may be associated with increased thyroid function and Helicobacter pylori infection. Signs and Symptoms: • Decreased urine output • Weight loss • Ketonuria • Dry mucous membranes • Poor skin turgor • Elevated hematocrit • Decreased sodium, potassium, and chloride levels • Polyneuritis (in some cases) Assessment: • Hemoglobin: Elevated hematocrit concentration (hemoconcentration) due to inability to retain fluids. • Electrolytes: Decreased sodium, potassium, and chloride levels due to low intake. • Acid-base Balance: Hypokalemic alkalosis (severe vomiting, prolonged period). • Neurological Examination: Polyneuritis due to B vitamin deficiency. Effects (if left untreated): • Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR): Dehydration and inability to provide nutrients for fetal growth. • Preterm birth: Due to complications caused by the condition. • Prolonged hospitalization/home care: Resulting in social isolation. Therapeutic Management: • Fluid and Electrolyte Management: Monitor input and output, blood chemistry to prevent dehydration. • Nutritional Support: Withhold oral food and fluids (usually) and administer total parenteral nutrition (TPN). • Intravenous Fluid Replacement: 3000 ml Ringer's lactate with added vitamin B to increase hydration. • Antiemetic Medication: Metoclopramide (Reglan) to control vomiting. 2. Ectopic Pregnancy Definition: Implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity (ovary, cervix, fallopian tube - most common). Incidence: Second most frequent cause of bleeding during the first trimester. Causes: • Obstruction of the fallopian tube: ◦ Adhesions (from previous infection like chronic salpingitis or pelvic inflammatory disease). ◦ Congenital malformations. ◦ Scars from tubal surgery. ◦ Uterine tumor pressing on the proximal end of the tube. ◦ Current use of an intrauterine device (IUD). Signs and Symptoms: • Missed period/amenorrhea. • Positive hCG test. • Sharp, stabbing pain in the lower abdominal quadrants and pelvic pain (at time of rupture). • Scant vaginal spotting/bleeding. • Rigid abdomen (from peritoneal irritation). • Leukocytosis (increased WBC count due to trauma). • Decreased blood pressure and increased pulse rate (signs of shock). • Cullen's sign (bluish tinge around the umbilicus). • Tender mass palpable in the cul-de-sac of Douglas (vaginal exam). • Falling hCG or serum progesterone level (suggesting the pregnancy has ended). • No gestational sac on ultrasound. Therapeutic Management: • Non-ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy: Oral administration of methotrexate followed by leucovorin. • Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy (emergency): Laparoscopy to ligate bleeding vessels and remove or repair the damaged fallopian tube. 3. Hydatidiform Mole (H-mole)/ Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/ Molar Pregnancy Definition: A gestational anomaly of the placenta consisting of a bunch of clear vesicles resembling grapes. This neoplasm is formed from the swelling of the chorionic villi, resulting from a fertilized egg whose nucleus is lost, and the sperm nucleus duplicates, producing a diploid number 46XX. Incidence: Approximately 1 in every 1500 pregnancies. Risk Factors: • Low socioeconomic group (decreased protein intake). • Women under 18 or over 35 years old. • Women of Asian heritage. • Receiving clomiphene citrate (Clomid) for induced ovulation. Types of Molar Growth: • Complete/Classic H-mole: All trophoblastic villi swell and become cystic. No embryonic or fetal tissue present. High risk for malignancy. • Partial/Incomplete H-mole: Some of the villi form normally. Presence of fetal or embryonic tissue. Low risk for malignancy. Signs and Symptoms: • Uterus expands faster than normal. • No fetal heart sounds heard. • Serum or urine test for hCG strongly positive. • Early signs of preeclampsia. • Vaginal bleeding (dark-brown spotting or profuse fresh flow). • Discharge of fluid-filled vesicles. Diagnosis: • Ultrasound. • Chest x-ray (lung metastasis). • Amniocentesis (no fluid). • Hysteroscopy (via cervix). Management: • Evacuation of the mole: Dilation and curettage (D&C). • Blood transfusion. • Hysterectomy (in some cases). • Monitoring hCG levels: Every 2 weeks until normal. • Contraception: Reliable method for 12 months to prevent confusion with a new pregnancy. 4. Premature Cervical Dilatation/ Incompetent Cervix Definition: Premature dilation of the cervix, usually occurring around week 20, when the fetus is too immature to survive. Incidence: About 1% of pregnancies. Causes: • Increased maternal age. • Congenital structural defects. • Trauma to the cervix (cone biopsy, repeated D&C). Signs and Symptoms: • Painless dilation of the cervix. • Pink-stained vaginal discharge. • Increased pelvic pressure. • Rupture of membranes and discharge of amniotic fluid. Therapeutic Management: • Cervical cerclage: Surgical procedure to prevent loss of the child due to premature dilation. • Bed rest: After cerclage surgery, to decrease pressure on the sutures. 5. Abortion Definition: Termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable (400-500 grams or 20-24 weeks gestation). Types of Abortion: • Spontaneous Abortion: Pregnancy interruption due to natural causes. ◦ Threatened: Mild cramping, vaginal spotting. ◦ Inevitable/Imminent: Profuse bleeding, uterine contractions, cervical dilation. ◦ Complete: All products of conception expelled spontaneously. ◦ Incomplete: Part of the conceptus expelled, some retained in the uterus. ◦ Missed: Fetus dies in utero but is not expelled. ◦ Habitual: 3 or more consecutive spontaneous abortions. • Induced Abortion: Deliberate termination of pregnancy in a controlled setting. Complications of Abortion: • Hemorrhage. • Infection (endometritis, parametritis, peritonitis, thrombophlebitis, septicemia). Management: • Bed rest. • Emotional support. • Sedation. • D&C: Surgical removal of retained products of conception. • Antibiotics. • Blood transfusion. 6. Placenta Previa Definition: The placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment, covering the cervical os, obstructing the birth canal. Incidence: 5 per 1000 pregnancies. Signs and Symptoms: • Abrupt, painless vaginal bleeding (bright red). • Bleeding may stop or slow after the initial hemorrhage, but continue as spotting. Types: • Total: Placenta completely obstructs the cervical os. • Partial: Placenta partially obstructs the cervical os. • Marginal: Placenta edge approaches the cervical os. • Low-lying: Placenta implanted in the lower rather than the upper portion of the uterus. Therapeutic Management: • Immediate Care: Bed rest in a side-lying position. • Assessment: Monitor vital signs, bleeding, and fetal heart sounds. • Intravenous Therapy: Fluid replacement with large gauge catheter. • Delivery: Vaginal birth (safe for infant if previa is less than 30%). Cesarean section (safest for both mother and infant if previa is over 30%). 7. Abruptio Placenta/ Premature Separation of Placenta/ Accidental Hemorrhage/ Placental Abruption Definition: Separation of a normally implanted placenta after the 20th week of pregnancy, before birth of the fetus. Incidence: Most frequent cause of perinatal death. Causes: • Unknown. • Predisposing Factors: ◦ High parity. ◦ Advanced maternal age. ◦ Short umbilical cord. ◦ Chronic hypertensive disease. ◦ PIH. ◦ Trauma (automobile accident, intimate partner abuse). ◦ Cocaine or cigarette use. ◦ Thrombophilitic conditions (autoimmune antibodies). Classification: • Total/Complete: Concealed hemorrhage. • Partial: Concealed or apparent hemorrhage. Signs and Symptoms: • Sharp, stabbing pain in the uterine fundus. • Contractions accompanied by pain. • Uterine tenderness on palpation. • Heavy vaginal bleeding (may be concealed). • Signs of shock. • Tense, rigid uterus. • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). Therapeutic Management: • Fluid Replacement: IV fluids. • Oxygen: Limit fetal hypoxia. • Fetal Monitoring: External fetal heart rate monitoring. • Fibrinogen Determination: IV fibrinogen or cryoprecipitate. • Lateral Position: Prevent pressure on the vena cava. • Delivery: CS is the method of choice if birth is not imminent. 8. Premature Rupture of Membranes Definition: Rupture of the fetal membranes with loss of amniotic fluid during pregnancy before 37 weeks. Incidence: 5%-10% of pregnancies. Causes: • Unknown. • Associated with: Infection of the membranes (chorioamnionitis), vaginal infections (gonorrhea, streptococcus B, Chlamydia). Signs and Symptoms: • Sudden gush of clear fluid from the vagina with continued minimal leakage. • Nitrazine paper test: Amniotic fluid turns the paper blue (alkaline), urine remains yellow (acidic). • Microscopic examination: Amniotic fluid shows ferning, urine does not. • Ultrasound: Assess amniotic fluid index. • Signs of infection (increased WBC count, C-reactive protein, temperature, tenderness, odorous vaginal discharge). Therapeutic Management: • Bed Rest: To prevent further leakage and risk of infection. • Corticosteroids: To hasten fetal lung maturity. • Prophylactic Antibiotics: To reduce risk of infection. • Intravenous Penicillin/Ampicillin: If (+) for streptococcus B. • Induction of Labor: If fetus is mature and labor does not begin within 24 hours. 9. Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH)/ Toxemia Definition: Vasospasm occurring in both small and large arteries during pregnancy, causing elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema. Incidence: Rarely occurs before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Risk Factors: • Multiple pregnancy. • Primiparas younger than 20 or older than 40. • Low socioeconomic background. • Five or more pregnancies. • Hydramnios. • Underlying diseases (heart disease, diabetes). • Rh incompatibility. • History of H-mole. Categories: • Gestational Hypertension: Blood pressure 140/90 or greater, without proteinuria or edema. • Preeclampsia: Blood pressure 140/90 or greater, with proteinuria and edema. • Eclampsia: Seizures or coma accompanied by preeclampsia. Therapeutic Management: • Preeclampsia: Bed rest, balanced diet, left lateral position. • Severe Preeclampsia: Hospitalization, diazepam, hydralazine, magnesium sulfate. • Eclampsia: Magnesium sulfate, diazepam, oxygen therapy, left lateral position

STRATEGIC PLANNING - Determination of the overall organizational purpose and goals and how they are to be achieved. - HR is the integral component of a strategic plan, greatly affects productivity and organization performance. REQUIREMENT - Forecasting human requirements involves determining the number and types of employees needed. - Level of skills has to be determined and matched with the plan operations. INTERNAL - existing manpower that could be re-assigned or be promoted. EXTERNAL - positions that are not available inside the organization and need to be sourced out. AVAILABILITY - When employee requirement have been analyzed, the firm determines whether there is a surplus or shortage of manpower. SKILL INVENTORY - This approach involves the listing of all the skills possessed by the workforce and they are made to relate to the requirements of the organization. RATIO ANALYSIS - This is a technique wherein the personnel who are promotable to the higher positions are identified together with their backup or understudy. CASCADE APPROACH - Under this approach, the setting of objectives flows from the top to bottom in the organization so that everyone gets a chance to make his contribution. REPLACEMENT APPROACH - Under this approach, HRP is done to have a body of manpower in the organization that is ready to take over existing jobs on a one to one basis within the organization. COMMITMENT PLANNING APPROACH - This involves the supervisors and personnel in every component of the organization on the identification of manpower needs in terms, skills, replacements, policy, working conditions and promotion. SUCCESOR PLANNING APPROACH - The approach known as successor planning takes into consideration the different components of the old plan and increase them. OVER PLANNING - A plan is likely to fail through an inherent weakness of having covered too many aspects of personnel management at the very early stage of HRP in the firm or government office. TECHNIQUE OVERLOAD - The use of many techniques sometimes leads to the gathering of so much information. BIAS FOR THE QUANTITATIVE - There are planners in HRP who sometimes make the mistake of being drawn towards emphasizing the quantitative aspects of personnel management to the neglect of qualitative side. ISOLATION OF THE PLANNERS - When the top management has a low regard for human resource activities and for the HR staff, they give little encouragement to HRP activities, ignore the plan and withdrawn support for plan implementation. ISOLATION FROM ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES - When HRP is pursued for its own sake or for narrow viewpoint of concentrating on HRD, the effort leads to the formulation of a plan that does not interphase with organizational development. LACK OF LINE SUPERVISOR’S INPUTS LONG TERM FORECASTING - Usually done five years or more. CYCLICAL VARIATIONS - reasonable and predictable movement that occur over a period of one year or more. SEASONAL VARIATIONS - prediction will change over a period of one year. RANDOM VARIATIONS - there is no special pattern and it is difficult to predict or determine. RECRUITMENT - the process of attracting the best individuals to join the company on a timely basis in sufficient numbers and meeting the qualification requirements, thereby encouraging them to apply for the jobs in the organizations. SELECTION - The process of determining from among the applicants who can meet the job requirements and can be offered the vacant position in the organization. JOB DESCRIPTIONS - are written summaries of various jobs consisting of duties, responsibilities and qualifications. JOB SPECIFICATION - refers to the minimum qualifications required by a particular job such as educational background, experience, skills and abilities. STRUCTURE INTERVIEW - follows set of procedures UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW - applicant takes the lead. PANEL OR ROUND TABLE INTERVIEW - managerial employees. APPLICATION FORM - Applicant is required to fill out the company’s official application form. IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW - Applicat formally enter into selection process. EVALUATING REFERENCE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION PLACEMENTS - after the applicant is cleared of all requirements is finally offered the job. ORIENTATION TRAINING KNOWLEDGE - better understanding to the psychology of a person EMPATHY - must be able to know the inner behavior of the individual by understanding his own personality and relate this feeling to the applicant. COMMUNICATION SKILLS - Refers to the use of language, gestures, and voice inflection. Words must be carefully chosen. PROBATIONARY - The probationary employee can be terminated if he does not pass the required reasonable standards in the job. REGULAR OR PERMANENT EMPLOYEE - an employee who passed the probationary period and performing regular activity in the business. CONTRACTUAL EMPLOYEE - the employee is hired for a fixed period or a project. CASUAL OR SEASONAL EMPLOYEE - hired for a particular work or service, seasonal in nature. APPRENTICESHIP - the development of the required skills for a particular type of work. PANEL JOB INTERVIEW - faces several interviewers who take turns asking questions BEHAVIORAL OR EXPERIENCE - based interview – done to clarify incidents in the applicant’s past such as former jobs or life experiences. STRUCTURAL INTERVIEW - pre-established questionnaire based on job descriptions. UNSTRUCURED INTERVIEW JOB OFFER - If he/she accepts the offer, the new hire will be accorded the position title, a summary of the job responsibilities. TRAINING - is the process where people acquire capabilities to aid in the achievement of organizational goals. - Started during the stone age when people started transferring knowledge through signs and deeds to others. - Vocational training started during the Industrial revolution (operation of machines). PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT - productive as soon as possible. TURNOVER REDUCTION - tends to stay longer. Organization effectiveness. BASIC SKILLS - skills needed to perform the job effectively. ADVANCED SKILLS - Use of Technology to share with other employees. ASSESSMENT PHASE ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS - to help organization accomplish its objective. Grievances, accident record, observations, exit interview, customer’s complaints. TASK ANALYSIS - observing them how they perform their tasks. Changes in the work environment due to introduction of new technology. PERSON ANALYSIS - studying employee behavior. Whether Performance meets standards of the company. The use of performance appraisal in making individual analysis