Lesson 3 Video 3 Practice Flashcards: Linear Models and Supply-Demand Economics

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BUS 100 - Module 11 - Globalization and Supply chains

BC103 Ch15: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply

Behind the Supply Curve: Inputs and Costs

Supply Chain Final

Modern Civilizations — Semester 2 Exam Study Guide Exam Date: May 22 Format: Bubble Sheet Questions: 123 total • 50 Vocabulary/Matching • 50 Multiple Choice • 16 Map Skills • 7 Document-Based Questions ⸻ SECTION A — GEOGRAPHY SKILLS Key Vocabulary Cardinal Directions • North • South • East • West Shown on a compass rose. Intermediate Directions • Northeast • Northwest • Southeast • Southwest Latitude Imaginary lines that run east-west and measure distance north or south of the Equator. Longitude Imaginary lines that run north-south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. Projection A flat map representation of Earth. Scale Shows distance on a map. Distortion When map shapes, sizes, or distances are changed because Earth is round. ⸻ 5 Themes of Geography 1. Location Where a place is. 2. Place What a place is like. 3. Movement How people, goods, and ideas move. 4. Region An area with common features. 5. Human-Environment Interaction How people affect and adapt to the environment. ⸻ Continents & Oceans 7 Continents • North America • South America • Europe • Asia • Africa • Australia • Antarctica 5 Oceans • Pacific • Atlantic • Indian • Arctic • Southern ⸻ CHAPTER 23 — SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION & AGE OF EXPLORATION Section 1 — Scientific Revolution Key Vocabulary Geocentric Theory Earth is the center of the universe. Heliocentric Theory The sun is the center of the solar system. Elliptical Oval-shaped planetary orbits. Scientific Method Organized process of observation, testing, and experimentation. Scientific Rationalism Using reason and logic to understand the world. ⸻ Important People Galileo Galilei Used a telescope to support heliocentric theory. Isaac Newton Developed laws of motion and gravity. Nicolaus Copernicus Proposed heliocentric theory. René Descartes Believed truth comes through reason. Robert Hooke Studied cells using microscopes. Sir Francis Bacon Promoted experimentation and observation. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Educational ideas Muslim scholars adopted from India • Mathematics • Astronomy • Number system (including zero) How were cells discovered? Scientists used microscopes to observe tiny living structures. Who led the study of cells? Robert Hooke ⸻ Section 2 — The Age of Exploration Key Vocabulary Caravel Fast, maneuverable sailing ship used by explorers. Colony Land controlled by another country. Exploit To use resources for benefit or profit. Quinine Medicine used against malaria. Rivalry Competition between nations. Smallpox Deadly disease spread to Native Americans. ⸻ Important People & Places Christopher Columbus Sailed for Spain and reached the Americas in 1492. Columbian Exchange Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas. Dutch East India Company Controlled trade in Asia. Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile Sponsored Columbus’s voyage. Prince Henry the Navigator Encouraged Portuguese exploration. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Who was Prince Henry the Navigator? A Portuguese prince who funded exploration schools, maps, and voyages. Why was the Caravel important? • Faster ship • Easier to steer • Could sail against the wind • Allowed longer ocean voyages ⸻ Section 3 — European Empires Key Vocabulary Conquistador Spanish conqueror in the Americas. Plantation Large farm using forced labor. Racism Belief that one race is superior. Triangular Trade Trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Middle Passage Brutal voyage transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas. ⸻ Important People & Places Atahualpa Last Inca emperor defeated by Spain. Francisco Pizarro Conquered the Inca Empire. Hernán Cortés Conquered the Aztec Empire. Pedro Álvares Cabral Claimed Brazil for Portugal. Tenochtitlan Capital of the Aztec Empire. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Describe the invasion of Mexico • Hernán Cortés led Spanish conquistadors. • The Aztecs were led by Montezuma. • Spanish had guns, horses, steel weapons, and Native allies. • Smallpox weakened the Aztecs. Conditions of the Middle Passage • Crowded ships • Disease • Starvation • Abuse and death Achievements of Portugal • Explored African coast • Opened sea routes to Asia • Built trading empire ⸻ CHAPTER 24 — ENLIGHTENMENT & REVOLUTIONS Section 1 — The Age of Reason Key Vocabulary Absolute Monarch King or queen with total power. Divine Right Belief that rulers receive power from God. Natural Rights Basic rights all people are born with. Enlightened Despot Ruler who accepted Enlightenment ideas. Laissez-faire Government should not interfere in economy. Free Enterprise Businesses operate with little government control. Philosophe French Enlightenment thinker. ⸻ Important People John Locke Believed people have natural rights. Montesquieu Supported separation of powers. Voltaire Supported freedom of speech and religion. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Believed government should follow the will of the people. Mary Wollstonecraft Supported women’s rights and education. Adam Smith Wrote about free-market economics. Louis XIV Example of an absolute monarch. Catherine the Great Enlightened despot of Russia. Frederick the Great Enlightened ruler. Joseph II Made reforms based on Enlightenment ideas. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts What group applied science ideas to government? The philosophes. Why did philosophes think justice systems were unfair? Punishments were cruel and laws treated social classes unequally. ⸻ Section 2 — Revolutions on Three Continents Key Vocabulary Bourgeoisie Middle class. Jacobins Radical French Revolution group. Declaration of Independence American colonies’ statement of freedom from Britain. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen French document declaring equality and rights. ⸻ Important People Thomas Jefferson Main writer of the Declaration of Independence. Louis XVI French king executed during the Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte Rose to power after the French Revolution. Simón Bolívar Helped liberate Venezuela and other nations. José de San Martín Helped free South American countries from Spain. Toussaint Louverture Led Haitian independence movement. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Who fought for Venezuela’s independence? Simón Bolívar Why were the Articles of Confederation replaced? The national government was too weak. ⸻ CHAPTER 25 — INDUSTRIALIZATION, NATIONALISM & IMPERIALISM Section 1 — Industrial Revolution Key Vocabulary Industrialize Develop factories and machines. Urbanization Growth of cities. Labor Union Workers organized for better conditions. Push-Pull Factor Reasons people leave or move to places. Socialism Government control of economy to help society. Communism Classless society where property is shared. Woman Suffrage Women’s right to vote. ⸻ Important People Eli Whitney Invented the cotton gin. Karl Marx Created communist ideas. Ellis Island Main immigration station in the U.S. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Three ways Industrial Revolution changed society • More factories • Urbanization • Faster transportation • More goods produced • Growth of middle class Push factors affecting immigration • Poverty • Famine • War • Lack of jobs ⸻ Section 2 — Nationalism Around the World Key Vocabulary Nationalism Strong pride and loyalty to one’s nation. Nation-State Country with one national identity. Militarism Building up armed forces. Republic Government where citizens elect leaders. Dictator Leader with total control. ⸻ Important People Otto von Bismarck Unified Germany under Prussian leadership. Giuseppe Garibaldi Helped unify Italy. Meiji Emperor Led modernization of Japan. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Problems after Latin American independence • Political instability • Weak economies • Dictatorships • Social inequality Who unified Germany? Otto von Bismarck How did the Meiji Restoration transform Japan? • Modern industry • Modern military • Western education and technology ⸻ Section 3 — The New Imperialism Key Vocabulary Imperialism Strong nations taking control of weaker regions. Direct Rule Foreign country controls government directly. Missionary Person spreading religion. Sepoy Indian soldier serving Britain. Raj British rule in India. ⸻ Important Places & Events Berlin Conference European nations divided Africa. East India Company Controlled trade and territory in India. French Indochina French-controlled region in Asia. ⸻ CHAPTER 26 — WORLD AT WAR Section 1 — World at War Key Vocabulary Alliance Agreement between countries for support. Stalemate No side can win. Trench Warfare Fighting from dug trenches. U-boat German submarine. Bolsheviks Russian revolutionary communist group. Treaty of Versailles Treaty ending WWI. Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia. League of Nations International peace organization after WWI. ⸻ Important People Vladimir Lenin Leader of Bolsheviks. Karl Marx Inspired communist beliefs. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts What triggered WWI? Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Immediate effect of WWI on Russia Economic hardship and revolution. Why was WWI a total war? Entire economies and civilians supported the war effort. How did Bolsheviks change Russia’s war policy? Russia withdrew from WWI. Trench warfare resulted from what technology? Machine guns and modern artillery. ⸻ Section 2 — Between the Wars Key Vocabulary Fascism Dictatorship emphasizing nationalism and obedience. Propaganda Biased information used to influence people. Reparations Payments for war damages. Totalitarian Government with total control. Inflation Rising prices and weaker money value. ⸻ Important People Adolf Hitler Leader of Nazi Germany. Benito Mussolini Leader of Fascist Italy. Franklin D. Roosevelt Led U.S. during Great Depression and WWII. Joseph Stalin Communist dictator of USSR. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Conditions caused by Great Depression • Unemployment • Poverty • Bank failures • Economic collapse What kind of dictatorships did Hitler and Mussolini create? Fascist dictatorships. ⸻ Section 3 — World War II Key Vocabulary Appeasement Giving in to avoid conflict. Blitzkrieg “Lightning war” using fast attacks. Genocide Deliberate killing of a people group. Holocaust Murder of six million Jews during WWII. Ration Limit supplies during wartime. Atomic Bomb Extremely powerful nuclear weapon. ⸻ Important Places & People Pearl Harbor Japanese attack brought U.S. into WWII. Hiroshima First atomic bomb dropped. Nagasaki Second atomic bomb dropped. Winston Churchill Led Britain during WWII. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Which event broke German defenses in the west? D-Day invasion (Normandy invasion)

Part 2: Supply, demand, and markets

PRE-IB Chemistry Notes (based on your test) 1. Molecular Formula English A molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule. Example: * H₂O = 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom * C₆H₁₂O₆ = 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen Important * Molecular formula = actual number * Empirical formula = simplest ratio Example: * Molecular formula: C₆H₁₂O₆ * Empirical formula: CH₂O Test question “What information does the molecular formula provide?” Correct answer: ✅ The actual numbers of atoms in a molecule ⸻ Русский Молекулярная формула показывает настоящее количество атомов в молекуле. Пример: * H₂O = 2 атома водорода и 1 атом кислорода * C₆H₁₂O₆ = 6 углеродов, 12 водородов, 6 кислородов Важно * Molecular formula = настоящее количество * Empirical formula = простое соотношение ⸻ 2. Isotopes English Isotopes are atoms of the same element with: * same number of protons * different number of neutrons Example: * Carbon-12 * Carbon-14 Both have: * 6 protons But different neutrons. Formula Neutrons = mass number − atomic number ⸻ Русский Изотопы — это атомы одного элемента: * одинаковое количество протонов * разное количество нейтронов Формула: Нейтроны = массовое число − атомный номер ⸻ 3. Protons, Neutrons and Electrons English Proton number = atomic number Electron number Neutral atom: electrons = protons Ion: * positive ion → lost electrons * negative ion → gained electrons Example ^{43}_{20}Ca^{2+} * protons = 20 * neutrons = 43 − 20 = 23 * electrons = 20 − 2 = 18 ⸻ Русский Протоны = атомный номер Электроны У нейтрального атома: электроны = протоны Ион: * плюс → потерял электроны * минус → получил электроны Пример: Ca²⁺: * 20 протонов * 23 нейтрона * 18 электронов ⸻ 4. Electron Configuration English Electrons fill shells. Rules * 1st shell = 2 electrons * 2nd shell = 8 * 3rd shell = 8 Examples Mg (12): 2,8,2 Cl (17): 2,8,7 Al (13): 2,8,3 Outer shell electrons Mg → 2 Cl → 7 ⸻ Русский Электроны распределяются по оболочкам. Примеры: * Mg = 2,8,2 * Cl = 2,8,7 * Al = 2,8,3 Внешние электроны: * Mg → 2 * Cl → 7 ⸻ 5. Ionic Bonding English Ionic bonding happens when electrons are transferred. * metals lose electrons * non-metals gain electrons Example: Mg + Cl Mg loses 2 electrons. Each chlorine gains 1. Formula: MgCl₂ ⸻ Русский Ионная связь появляется, когда электроны переходят от одного атома к другому. * металл теряет электроны * неметалл получает Пример: MgCl₂ ⸻ 6. Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Formula Mass English Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) Average mass of atoms compared with carbon-12. Example: Cl = 35.5 Relative Formula Mass (Mr) Total of all atomic masses in a formula. Example: H₂O = 2(1) + 16 = 18 ⸻ Русский Relative Atomic Mass Средняя масса атомов элемента. Relative Formula Mass Сумма всех атомных масс в формуле. Пример: H₂O = 18 ⸻ 7. Moles English Formula triangle n=\frac{m}{M} n = moles m = mass M = molar mass Example NaCl: M = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 If mass = 117 g 117 ÷ 58.5 = 2 mol ⸻ Русский Формула: n = m / M n — моли m — масса M — молярная масса ⸻ 8. Concentration English Formula: c=\frac{n}{V} c = concentration n = moles V = volume in dm³ Important 1000 cm³ = 1 dm³ ⸻ Русский Формула: c = n / V V обязательно в dm³ 1000 cm³ = 1 dm³ ⸻ 9. Acids and Alkalis English Acid Produces H⁺ ions Alkali Produces OH⁻ ions Examples: * HCl = acid * NaOH = alkali ⸻ Русский Кислота выделяет H⁺ Щёлочь выделяет OH⁻ ⸻ 10. Strong and Weak Acids English Strong acid Fully ionizes in water. Example: HCl Weak acid Partially ionizes. Example: CH₃COOH Important Strong ≠ concentrated ⸻ Русский Сильная кислота полностью распадается. Слабая — только частично. ⸻ 11. Amphoteric Compounds English Amphoteric substances can act as: * acid * base Example: Al₂O₃ ⸻ Русский Амфотерные вещества могут быть: * кислотой * основанием ⸻ 12. pH and Indicators English pH scale * below 7 = acid * 7 = neutral * above 7 = alkali Indicators Litmus: * acid → red * alkali → blue Phenolphthalein: * acid → colorless * alkali → pink ⸻ Русский pH: * меньше 7 = кислота * 7 = нейтрально * больше 7 = щёлочь ⸻ 13. Acid-Base Titration English Titration is used to find concentration. Steps 1. Add indicator 2. Add acid/base slowly 3. Endpoint color change 4. Use formula Common indicators * phenolphthalein * methyl orange ⸻ Русский Титрование используют для нахождения концентрации. Шаги: 1. Добавить индикатор 2. Медленно добавлять раствор 3. Смотреть изменение цвета ⸻ 14. Redox Reactions English Oxidation Loss of electrons Reduction Gain of electrons OIL RIG: * Oxidation Is Loss * Reduction Is Gain ⸻ Русский Окисление = потеря электронов Восстановление = получение электронов ⸻ 15. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic English Hydrophobic “Water-fearing” Does not mix with water. Example: oil Hydrophilic “Water-loving” Mixes with water. Example: salt ⸻ Русский Hydrophobic: не смешивается с водой Hydrophilic: смешивается с водой ⸻ 16. Organic Chemistry Naming (IMPORTANT FOR TEST) English Alkane Only single bonds General formula: C_nH_{2n+2} Alkene Contains double bond General formula: C_nH_{2n} Alkyne Contains triple bond General formula: C_nH_{2n-2} ⸻ Русский Алкан: только одинарные связи Алкен: двойная связь Алкин: тройная связь ⸻ 17. IUPAC Naming Quick Rules English Step 1 Find longest chain. Step 2 Count carbons: * meth = 1 * eth = 2 * prop = 3 * but = 4 * pent = 5 * hex = 6 Step 3 Find double bond. Step 4 Number chain from nearest double bond. Step 5 Name branches: * methyl * ethyl ⸻ Русский 1. Найти самую длинную цепь 2. Посчитать углероды 3. Найти двойную связь 4. Нумеровать с ближайшей двойной связи 5. Назвать ответвления ⸻ 18. Combustion English Combustion = burning in oxygen. Example: C_5H_{12}+8O_2\rightarrow5CO_2+6H_2O Products: * carbon dioxide * water ⸻ Русский Горение — реакция с кислородом. Продукты: * CO₂ * H₂O ⸻ 19. Activity Series English More reactive metals replace less reactive metals. Mg is more reactive than H: → reacts with acid Cu is less reactive than Fe: → cannot replace Fe ⸻ Русский Более активный металл вытесняет менее активный

Français de la supply chain II

Demand + supply

B2.1 - Supplying the cell (I made)

Policy to Redistribute the Surplus and Raise Efficiency

Sustainable Marketing and Supply Chain Management Flashcards

Operations and Supply Chain Management Review

Production, Costs, and Supply

Bargaining to a Pareto-Efficient sharing of the Surplus

Sharing the Surplus

Pareto Efficiency Curve and the Distribution of the Surplus

2. Traceability in food supply chains