Figures de style - Antigone (Jean Anouilh)

6 - Les styles éducatifs

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WORD - TRANSCRIPTION - DEFINITION - TRANSLATION to bleed - to lose blood, especially because of an injury brim (n) - the part of a hat that sticks out around the edge; криси (капелюха) to set up a line of defense - to organise and prepare a system or group of actions to protect against attack, criticism, or danger; вибудувати / організувати лінію захисту; підготувати оборону liquid asset (n) - an asset that can be easily converted into cash; ліквідний актив stuff (v) - to push or put something into a small space, especially in a quick or careless way; запихати, набивати, засувати (щось у щілину або простір); to be offended (verb phrase) - to feel upset, annoyed, or hurt because of something someone has said or done that you think is rude or insulting; ображатися; бути ображеним to nag (v) - to keep complaining or asking someone to do something, often in an annoying way; пилити; докучати; бурчати; постійно нагадувати/дорікати cello (n) - a large musical instrument in the violin family, played by holding it between the legs while sitting; віолончель disgraceful (adj.) - deserving strong criticism or disapproval because it is very bad or unacceptable; ганебний; соромний; негідний humiliating (adj.) - making someone feel ashamed or stupid and lose their respect for themselves; принизливий; той, що принижує гідність decree (n) - an official order given by a person or authority with power; указ; декрет; постанова hereby (adverb) - (formal) used to say that something is done or agreed in this way; цим; цим самим; цим документом (офіційно) severely (adverb) - in a strict or harsh way; суворо; жорстко go to the gutter (idiom/phrase) - to reside (v.) - to live in a particular place; проживати; мешкати to turn a blind eye (idiom) - cartloads (noun, plural) - the amount of something that fills a cart; віз (вантажу); вози (чогось), повні вози (перен. багато) gentile (noun/adjective) - неєврей; людина неєврейського походження ghetto (n.) - бідний район міста; неблагополучний район to beat up (phrasal verb) - to hit someone hard and repeatedly in order to hurt them; побити; відлупцювати; жорстоко побити; cesspool (n) - a place or situation that is morally very bad or dirty; осередок бруду; моральне болото to keep somebody’s spirits up (idiom/phrase) - conspirator (n) - a person who takes part in a secret plan with other people to do something illegal or harmful; змовник; учасник змови curfew (n) - a rule that says people must stay indoors after a particular time, especially at night; комендантська година incision (n) - надріз; розріз (особливо хірургічний); a cut made in something with a sharp tool, especially during a medical operation to burst (v) - to break open or apart suddenly, or to come out suddenly; anesthetized (verb, past participle, adj.) - to give someone drugs so that they do not feel pain, especially during a medical operation; анестезований; знеболений; під наркозом parasite (n) - (disapproving) a person who lives by taking advantage of others and giving nothing in return; нахлібник; дармоїд; експлуататор apathy (n) - a feeling of not being interested in or enthusiastic about anything, or not caring about what happens; байдужість to get a bite to eat (idiom/phrase) - to have a small meal or snack; перекусити; з’їсти щось швидко (перекус) to declare (v) - to interfere with other people’s business (phrase) to insult (v) - to say or do something that is rude or offensive to someone; ображати; принижувати imperative (adj/noun) - to look on the bright side (idiom/phrase) stinking ( adj.) - having a very bad smell; смердючий; дуже неприємний на запах; slaughter (n) - the killing of animals for food; the killing of many people in a violent way; забій (тварин); різанина; масове вбивство; to lead somebody to their death like sheep (idiom/phrase) - to make people go to their death passively, without resistance, like a group that blindly follows; вести когось на смерть, як овець; гнати на смерть покірно, без спротиву a stain on sth (e.g. on one’s reputation/honour) (idiom/phrase) - something that damages the reputation or image of a person, group, or thing; пляма на (репутації / честі); те, що ганьбить to wipe somebody out (phrasal verb) - знищити; стерти з лиця землі to squander (v) - to waste money, time, or opportunities in a careless or foolish way; марнувати; розтринькувати; розбазарювати; cripple (n) - (offensive) a person who is unable to walk or has a physical disability; як іменник це слово вважається образливим, тому краще використовувати нейтральні варіанти (наприклад, a person with a disability) log (n) - to smother - to prevent a feeling or reaction from being expressed; пригнічувати (почуття, емоції)ж rattle (n) - a series of short, sharp sounds; or a toy that makes a noise when shaken; брязкіт; деренчання; брязкальце to revenge (v) - melting pot (n) - a place or situation in which many different cultures, styles, or people mix together and influence each other; “плавильний котел” (місце змішання культур); багатокультурне середовище the quicker, the better (phrase / comparative structure) - used to say that something should be done as fast as possible; чим швидше, тим краще at ease (phrase / adverbial expression) - (military) in a relaxed position after being told to stop standing at attention; (військ.) «вільно!» (команда) resettlement (n) - the act of helping people to live in a new place, especially after they have been forced to leave their home; переселення; повторне поселення; розселення (після вимушеного переїзду) to exterminate (v) - to kill all the members of a group of people or animals; винищувати; знищувати повністю; to dismiss (v) - to end an official meeting or court case; розпускати (засідання, суд) brimstone (n) - slavery (n) - the system of owning people as property and forcing them to work; рабство rapist (n) - a person who commits rape; ґвалтівник; злочинець, що вчиняє зґвалтування to slash sth/sb - to cut someone or something with a sharp object; or to reduce something greatly; різати; розсікати; сильно скорочувати filthy (adj.) - very dirty; брудний; дуже брудний indiscriminately (adverb) - in a way that does not show careful judgment or choice; без розбору; без розрізнення; не вибірково to draw (the curtains) (v) - to open or close curtains by pulling them across a window; завісити / розсунути штори; зачиняти або відчиняти штори at the heart of the lion’s den (idiom/phrase) - in the most dangerous or hostile place or situation, surrounded by people who are unfriendly or threatening; у самому серці лігва лева; у дуже небезпечному або ворожому середовищі jaundice (n) - a medical condition that causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to become yellow; жовтяниця to jilt (v) - to suddenly end a romantic relationship with someone, especially in an unfair or unkind way; кинути (у стосунках); різко розірвати стосунки; відшити (розм.) to beat the shit out of somebody (very informal / vulgar phrase) - to hit someone very hard and violently; жорстоко побити когось; сильно відлупцювати (розм., вульг.) on your behalf (phrase) - used to mean that someone does something for you or in your place; від твого імені; замість тебе; на твоє прохання inflammation (n, uncountable) - a condition in which a part of your body becomes red, swollen, and painful because of infection or injury; запалення gallbladder (n) - a small organ in the body that stores bile, a liquid that helps digest fat; жовчний міхур levulose (laevulose) (noun, uncountable) - an old name for fructose, a type of sugar found in fruit and honey; фруктоза grenade (n) - a small bomb that is thrown by hand or fired from a gun; граната attic (n) - the space or room at the top of a building directly under the roof; горище; мансарда murderer (noun, plural: murderers) - a person who deliberately kills another person; вбивця; душогуб assassin (n) - a person who kills someone important for political or religious reasons, usually for money or as part of a plan; вбивця (політичний/найманий); найманий кілер; асасин; barbed wire (n, uncount

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PRINCIPES DE GESTION 2 — RÉSUMÉ EXAM 1. Processus de planification Étapes dans l’ordre : 1. Définir la mission, la vision et les valeurs 2. Analyser la situation et faire le diagnostic stratégique 3. Définir les objectifs stratégiques 4. Déterminer l’avantage concurrentiel 5. Faire les choix stratégiques 6. Établir les programmes d’actions et budgets 7. Mise en œuvre et contrôle de la stratégie Mission : Ce que fait l’entreprise actuellement. Vision : Ce que l’entreprise veut devenir. 2. Diagnostic stratégique Diagnostic interne : - forces - faiblesses Outils : - SWOT interne - VRIN Diagnostic externe : - opportunités - menaces Outils : - PESTEL - Porter SWOT : Interne : - Forces - Faiblesses Externe : - Opportunités - Menaces Forces : innovation, qualité, image marque, R&D, personnel qualifié Faiblesses : coûts élevés, dépendance fournisseurs, faible rentabilité Opportunités : nouvelles technologies, croissance marché, nouveaux clients Menaces : concurrence, inflation, réglementation, crise PESTEL : P : Politique E : Economique S : Socioculturel T : Technologique E : Ecologique L : Légal Comment faire un PESTEL : Catégorie | Information | Opportunité ou menace VRIN : V : Valeur R : Rare I : Inimitable N : Non substituable Porter : 1. Intensité concurrence 2. Pouvoir clients 3. Pouvoir fournisseurs 4. Produits substitution 5. Nouveaux entrants 3. Stratégies concurrentielles Domination par les coûts : prix bas, réduction coûts Différenciation : innovation, qualité, luxe, image marque Focalisation : marché spécifique, clientèle spécifique 4. Stratégies corporate Spécialisation : une seule activité Diversification liée : activités proches Diversification non liée : activité totalement différente Intégration en amont : intégrer fournisseurs Intégration en aval : intégrer distributeurs Internationalisation : développement étranger Externalisation : sous-traitance Recentrage : abandon activité non rentable 5. Modes de croissance Croissance interne : développement par ses propres moyens Croissance externe : fusion, acquisition Croissance conjointe : partenariat, alliance 6. DAS Domaine d’activité stratégique : activité avec clients, concurrence et stratégie différents. 7. Structure organisationnelle Façon dont l’entreprise organise : - hiérarchie - services - responsabilités Structure fonctionnelle : organisation par fonctions : RH, finance, marketing, production Avantages : - spécialisation - responsabilités claires Inconvénients : - rigidité - lenteur - mauvaise coordination Structure divisionnelle : organisation par produit, région ou client Avantages : - autonomie - réactivité Inconvénients : - double emploi - coûts élevés Structure matricielle : double commandement Inconvénient principal : conflits d’autorité Organigramme : 1. chef principal en haut 2. directions en dessous 3. services sous directions “Sous l’autorité de” : en dessous “Assiste / conseille” : staff sur le côté Autorité hiérarchique : donner ordres et contrôler Autorité fonctionnelle / staff : conseiller 8. Types de décision Décision stratégique : - long terme - direction générale - très importante Exemples : fusion, acquisition, internationalisation Décision tactique : - moyen terme - cadres intermédiaires Décision opérationnelle : - court terme - routine quotidienne 9. Styles de direction Likert Autoritaire exploiteur : sanctions, aucune confiance Autoritaire paternaliste : récompenses et sanctions Consultatif : discussion, communication double sens Participatif : employés impliqués dans décisions 10. Motivation Maslow : 1. Physiologiques 2. Sécurité 3. Appartenance 4. Estime 5. Accomplissement Herzberg : Facteurs motivation : - reconnaissance - promotion - responsabilités Facteurs hygiène : - salaire - sécurité - conditions travail McGregor : Théorie X : employés paresseux Théorie Y : employés responsables et autonomes 11

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