Results for "immigrants"

APUSH Early Republic: Women and Immigrants

Immigrants and Critical Multiculturalism Lecture

Ethnic Studies: Asian Immigrants

Protective Tariffs Taxes on imported goods that helped Northern industry but hurt the Southern export economy Foreign Relations (William Seward) Seward pushed for U.S. global power through diplomacy and expansion Treaty of Kanagawa Agreement allowing U.S. ships to trade with Japan to open markets and project power Seward's Icebox (Alaska Purchase) Seward's purchase of Alaska, mocked but expanded U.S. territory Burlingame Treaty Protected U.S. missionaries in China and encouraged Chinese immigration Railroads Connected the nation, boosted communication, economy, and travel Munn v. Illinois Allowed states to regulate railroads for the public good Gold Standard Monetary system valuing currency only in gold, replacing bimetallism Crime of 1873 (Coinage Act) Ended silver coinage, angering miners and debtors Homestead Act Granted 160 acres in the West to settlers who farmed it for 5 years Morrill Act Provided federal land for new Western colleges Long Drive Cowboys herding cattle to railroads for transport Exodusters African Americans moving West to escape Southern racism Life in the West Harsh farming conditions: bad weather, no irrigation, small plots Yellowstone/National Parks Land protected for beauty, recreation, and conservation Sand Creek Massacre U.S. attack on Cheyenne; major Native casualties Fetterman Massacre Native victory over U.S. forces (Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho) Battle of Little Bighorn Native victory; Custer's Last Stand Wounded Knee Massacre U.S. victory; last major Native conflict Ghost Dance Movement Native spiritual revival to restore their land and culture Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Ruled Congress could ignore past treaties with Natives Dawes Severalty Act Broke up Native land to force assimilation Frederick Jackson Turner Wrote Frontier Thesis: American identity shaped by Western conquest Summary (Chapter 16) U.S. expanded internationally and developed the West, causing conflicts with Natives and policies to assimilate them Vertical Integration Company controls all steps of production (Swift) Horizontal Integration Company buys out competitors by cutting prices (Rockefeller) Trusts Groups of companies managed as one, often creating monopolies Shift in Management Dividing company tasks into specialized departments Skilled vs. Unskilled Workers Skilled workers replaced by cheaper, repetitive unskilled labor Scientific Management System rewarding faster work; workers follow orders exactly Old Immigrants Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany (Protestant, English-speaking) New Immigrants Immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe; Catholic/Jewish, poor, non-English-speaking Chinese Exclusion Act Banned Chinese immigration and blocked citizenship Great Railroad Strike Major labor strike showing power of unions and worker unrest Henry George Criticized industrialization for causing poverty Greenback Labor Party Wanted more money in circulation and worker protections Producerism Belief that workers create value while owners exploit labor Granger Laws Early railroad regulations; weak enforcement Knights of Labor Inclusive union; against child labor, trusts; preferred gov intervention Haymarket Protest Violent clash causing decline in labor union popularity Farmers' Alliance Farmers fighting for railroad regulation and economic reform Hatch Act Funded agricultural research and education Interstate Commerce Act Created ICC to regulate railroads (weak enforcement) Closed Shop Workers must join union to be hired AFL (American Federation of Labor) Craft union fighting for basic improvements (wages, hours) Tactics Against Unions Lockouts, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, militias, court orders Homestead & Pullman Strikes Violent labor strikes revealing worker frustration Summary (Chapter 17) Industrial growth created monopolies, immigration waves, harsh labor conditions, and rising union movements Consumer Culture Growth of leisure shopping among wealthy Americans Plessy v. Ferguson Court ruling allowing "separate but equal" segregation Jim Crow Laws State laws enforcing racial segregation YMCA Organization helping young men/immigrants adjust to urban life Negro Leagues Black baseball leagues excluded from white leagues Sierra Club Organization promoting mountain and wilderness protection National Park Service Federal agency managing national parks Antiquities Act Allowed presidents to protect land as national monuments National Audubon Society Conservation group protecting wildlife Solitude of Self Stanton's argument for women's individual rights Comstock Act Banned distribution of birth control and sexual information Booker T. Washington Promoted industrial education and gradual racial progress Tuskegee Institute Washington's school for practical, industrial training Atlanta Compromise Speech encouraging economic progress over immediate equality Education Expansion New colleges created via Morrill Act and philanthropy Liberal Arts New academic fields like economics, poli sci, and astronomy WCTU Women's reform group fighting for temperance and social issues National Association of Colored Women Black women aiding communities and promoting reform NAWSA Major women's suffrage movement Anti-Suffragists Opposed women's voting rights, claiming it was too costly Feminism Movement for full social, political, economic equality Social Darwinism Belief that rich succeed because of strength; poor fail because lazy Eugenics Movement to control reproduction to create "better" population Modernism/Naturalism Artistic movements challenging traditional ideas American Protective Association Anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish nativist group Social Gospel Protestant reform movement helping the poor Fundamentalism Religious movement focusing on literal Bible interpretation Summary (Chapter 18) Industrialization fueled consumer culture, conservation, racial segregation, women's activism, immigration tension, and new social/religious ideas Waving the Bloody Shirt Republican strategy blaming Democrats for Civil War Political Machines Urban organizations controlling politics through corruption and immigrant support Solid South Democratic dominance in Southern states Williams v. Mississippi Allowed literacy tests and poll taxes; suppressed Black voters Stalwarts Republicans supporting spoils system Half-Breeds Republicans wanting merit-based gov jobs Mugwumps Reform Republicans who backed Cleveland Pendleton Act Replaced spoils system with civil service exams Election of 1884 Cleveland (Dem.) beats Blaine with Mugwump support Silverites Farmers wanting more silver coinage for cheaper money supply Gold Bugs Bankers favoring gold standard Coinage Act of 1873 Ended silver currency; angered farmers/miners Bland-Allison & Sherman Acts Required gov to buy silver, briefly restoring bimetallism Tariffs (Gilded Age) High tariffs debated between farmers and industry Populism Farmers' movement demanding political/economic reforms Omaha Platform Populist demands (income tax, direct election, RR ownership, 8-hour day) Wisconsin Plan Initiative, referendum, recall (direct democracy reforms) Panic of 1893 Major economic crash from railroad failures Coxey's Army Jobless march demanding federal jobs End of Bimetallism Silver value collapses; gold standard restored Summary (Chapter 19) Gilded Age politics were corrupt and divided, leading to Populist reforms and major debates over money, tariffs, and government power

ISSUE 2: Experience of Italian immigrants

Unit 3: Immigrants and Urbanization

Primarily, immigrants from China were seeking _______ jobs in the ________ region of the US

Acculturation The process of adopting cultural traits from another society while still retaining one’s original cultural identity. Adherents People who follow, support, or are devoted to a particular religion, belief system, or ideology. Agnostic Someone who holds that the existence of a deity or ultimate reality is unknown or unknowable. Apartheid Institutionalized system of racial segregation and discrimination, most famously in South Africa (1948‑1994). Assimilation The gradual absorption of a minority group into the dominant culture, often leading to loss of distinct identity. Atheism The lack of belief in any gods or deities. Balkanization Fragmentation of a region or country into smaller, often hostile, political units. Bigot A person who is intolerant toward those who differ in race, religion, politics, etc. Blockbusting Real‑estate tactic that provokes panic selling by suggesting minorities are moving into a neighborhood. Branch (of a religion) A distinct subdivision within a larger faith (e.g., Sunni vs. Shia Islam). Colonialism Policy of acquiring political control over another territory, exploiting it economically, and imposing cultural influence. Caste system Hereditary social hierarchy that assigns status and occupation at birth (e.g., in India). Creole A fully developed language that arose from mixing several parent languages and now has native speakers. Cultural convergence Tendency for different cultures to become more alike through shared technology, media, and ideas. Cultural divergence Process by which cultures become more distinct from one another, often due to isolation or deliberate preservation. Dialect A regional or social variety of a language, differing in pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary. Ebonics African‑American Vernacular English (AAVE), a distinct dialect of English spoken by many Black Americans. Ethnic cleansing Forced removal or extermination of an ethnic or religious group from a particular area. Ethnic separatism Movement seeking political autonomy or independence for a specific ethnic group. Ethnic religions Faiths rooted in particular ethnic groups (e.g., Hinduism, Shinto, Yoruba) rather than universal proselytizing. Genocide Systematic, intentional destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. Ghetto Densely populated, often segregated urban area, historically linked to a specific minority. Glocalization Adapting a global product or idea to fit local cultures and preferences. Hierarchical religion A faith organization with a clear top‑down authority structure (e.g., the Catholic Church). Ideogram (logogram) A written symbol that directly represents a concept or idea (e.g., Chinese characters). Imperialism Extending a nation’s power through colonization, military force, or economic domination. Islam Monotheistic Abrahamic religion founded on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the Qur’an. Isogloss Geographic boundary that separates different linguistic features (pronunciation, word choice, etc.). Karma Moral law of cause and effect in Hindu‑Buddhist traditions; actions influence future outcomes. Language branch Subdivision of a language family containing closely related languages (e.g., Romance branch). Language family Group of languages sharing a common ancestral language (e.g., Indo‑European, Sino‑Tibetan). Lingua franca A language used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native tongues. Literary tradition Body of written works, styles, and conventions that develop within a particular culture or period. Monotheism Belief in a single, all‑powerful deity. Multiculturalism Societal approach encouraging coexistence and respect for diverse cultural groups. Nationalism Political ideology emphasizing loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation, often seeking self‑determination. Nationality Legal relationship between an individual and a state (citizenship). Nativist Stance favoring the interests of native‑born inhabitants over immigrants; often opposes immigration. Official language Language granted legal status for use in government, courts, and official documents. Pilgrimage Journey to a sacred place or shrine undertaken for religious or spiritual reasons. Polytheism Belief in or worship of multiple deities. Romance languages Language family that evolved from Latin (e.g., Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian). Spanglish Hybrid blend of Spanish and English spoken in bilingual communities, especially in the U.S. Syncretism Merging of different religious, cultural, or philosophical traditions into a new, combined system. Syncretic religion Faith that incorporates elements from multiple religions (e.g., Vodou, Santería). Universal religion Religion that seeks to appeal to all humanity, often with a missionary impulse (e.g., Christianity, Islam).

how far do you agree that attitudes towards immigrants changed in the years 1945-79

Gilded Age Society: Class Structure, Immigrants, and Urban Challenges

Non English Immigrants

cities , immigrants and farmers

Immigrants and New Societies Midterm

From 1840’s-90’s, where did the majority of immigrants entering America come from? How did that shift in the late 1800’s?

Immigrants (Unit Three)

History New Immigrants Quiz

1. French & Indian War (1754–1763) → “The Divorce That Sparked the Fight” Story analogy: Britain and the colonies were like a married couple who tolerated each other until financial stress hit. The war was the breaking point. Britain defeats France, gains land (Treaty of Paris 1763). Proclamation of 1763: bans westward settlement → angers colonists. British debt explodes → end of Salutary Neglect → taxes coming. Colonial identity shift: Saw themselves as “Protestant, free, victorious.” Britain saw them as freeloaders. Quote clue: “We have suffered much from these colonies and their indolence” → British view. 2. Crisis Decade (1763–1774) → “Taxes Without Love” Acts to know: Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts → colonists revolt. Boston Massacre (1770) → used as Patriot propaganda. Tea Act (1773) → leads to Boston Tea Party. Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774) → punishment, fuels calls for independence. Colonists argue Parliament had no right to tax them (“taxation without representation”). Britain insists on Parliamentary supremacy. Quote clue: “Parliament has the supreme authority over American politics” → British perspective. 3. Revolutionary War (1775–1783) → “The Teenager Runs Away From Home” Key turning points: Lexington & Concord (1775): shots fired. Common Sense (1776): Paine convinces ordinary colonists monarchy is corrupt. Declaration of Independence (1776): Jefferson channels Locke (natural rights). Battle of Saratoga (1777): turning point, French ally. Yorktown (1781): final surrender with French help. Treaty of Paris (1783): U.S. recognized, Mississippi River as western boundary. Impact on groups: African Americans: contradiction between slavery & liberty. Women: “Republican Motherhood.” Natives: pushed out despite fighting with Britain. Quote clue: “We hold these truths to be self-evident…” → Declaration. 4. Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) → “13 Roommates Without a Landlord” Weak central gov: no taxes, no executive, no judiciary. Successes: Land Ordinance (1785): surveyed land, set aside for schools. Northwest Ordinance (1787): new states, banned slavery in NW. Problems: war debt, inflation, interstate disputes. Shays’s Rebellion (1786–87): farmers revolt → fear of anarchy → push for stronger gov. Quote clue: “A firm league of friendship…” → Articles. 5. Constitution (1787–1789) → “Renovating the House” Compromises: Great Compromise: bicameral legislature. 3/5 Compromise: slavery counted for representation/taxes. Slave Trade Compromise: can’t ban until 1808. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Federalists (Hamilton, Madison, Jay): strong gov., loose interpretation. Anti-Federalists (Patrick Henry, George Mason): protect liberty, demanded Bill of Rights. Federalist 10 & 51: factions controlled by large republic & checks/balances. Quote clue: “Ambition must be made to counteract ambition” → Madison. 6. Washington’s Presidency (1789–1797) → “The Trailblazer” Hamilton’s Plan: Assume state & federal debt. Protective tariffs. National Bank (implied powers, loose interpretation). Jefferson opposed (strict interpretation). Foreign Policy: Proclamation of Neutrality (1793). Jay’s Treaty (1794): Britain leaves forts, unpopular but prevents war. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795): Spain opens Mississippi River. Domestic: Whiskey Rebellion (1794): Washington enforces tax w/ troops. Farewell Address: Avoid parties, foreign alliances, sectionalism. Quote clue: “Steer clear of permanent alliances…” → Washington. 7. Adams’ Presidency (1797–1801) → “The Paranoid Parent” Foreign: XYZ Affair (1797): French demand bribes → outrage. Quasi-War (naval skirmishes w/ France). Domestic: Alien & Sedition Acts (1798): restrict speech/immigrants. Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions: Jefferson/Madison argue states can nullify laws. Adams avoids war → loses popularity but preserves peace. Quote clue: “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!” → XYZ Affair. 8. National Identity (Theme Across Unit) Before Revolution: British identity, loyal to crown. During Revolution: Patriots vs. Loyalists → fracture. Articles period: “state-first” identity. Constitution: stronger federal identity emerges. Washington/Adams: beginnings of political parties → competing visions of “American identity.” Federalists: elite-led, Britain-friendly, commerce & industry are

Module 4 - Cities, Immigrants, and The Nation

Prompt 1 (Gatekeeping and impact on Latinx and Asian Immigrants

Immigrants