# SSUSH 1–19 Study Guide (Quizlet Style)
## SSUSH 1–5: Colonization, Revolution, and Constitution
Southern Colonies
- Established mainly to create wealth for England
- Economy based on cash crops like tobacco and rice
- Used enslaved labor
New England Colonies
- Founded mostly for religious freedom
- Economy based on trade, fishing, and shipbuilding
- Small farms and towns
Trans-Atlantic Trade
- Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
- Included enslaved Africans and cash crops
- Helped colonies grow wealthy
Mercantilism
- Economic system where colonies existed to benefit the mother country
- Colonies sent raw materials to England
- England sold finished goods back
Intolerable Acts
- Laws passed by Britain after Boston Tea Party
- Punished Massachusetts
- Increased colonial anger toward Britain
Declaration of Independence
- Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson
- Declared independence from Britain
- Said people can overthrow abusive governments
Three-Fifths Compromise
- Enslaved persons counted as 3/5 of a person for representation
- Increased Southern power in Congress
Shays’ Rebellion
- Farmer rebellion in Massachusetts
- Showed Articles of Confederation was too weak
- Led to calls for stronger central government
Thomas Paine / Common Sense
- Argued independence was necessary
- Convinced many colonists war was unavoidable
Treaty of Paris (1783)
- Ended Revolutionary War
- Britain recognized U.S. independence
- Made future U.S. expansion possible
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists
- Federalists wanted stronger central government
- Anti-Federalists feared too much national power
- Debate led to Bill of Rights
Standing Army Debate
- Federalists wanted army for defense
- Anti-Federalists feared army could threaten liberty
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## SSUSH 6–10: New Nation, Sectionalism, Civil War, Reconstruction
Election of 1800
- Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams
- Criticism of Sedition Act hurt Federalists
- Peaceful transfer of power
Sedition Act
- Made criticism of government illegal
- Hurt Federalists politically
Marbury v. Madison
- Established judicial review
- Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional
Monroe Doctrine
- Warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere
- U.S. opposed new colonization in the Americas
Louisiana Purchase
- Bought from France in 1803
- Doubled size of U.S.
- Opened West to settlement
Second Great Awakening
- Religious revival movement
- Inspired reform movements
Reform Movements
- Abolition
- Women’s rights
- Education reform
- Temperance
- Goal: improve society
James K. Polk
- Expanded U.S. territory
- Annexed Texas
- Settled Oregon boundary
- Won Mexican Cession
Sectionalism
- Differences between North and South increased
- North = industry
- South = agriculture/slavery
Civil War North Advantages
- More railroads
- More factories
- Larger population
Civil War South Advantages
- Better military leaders
- Fought defensive war
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
- Focused on healing the nation
- Called for unity after Civil War
Freedmen’s Bureau
- Helped formerly enslaved people
- Provided food, education, and aid
Reconstruction Amendments
- 13th: ended slavery
- 14th: citizenship and equal protection
- 15th: voting rights for Black men
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## SSUSH 11–19: Industrialization to World War II
Railroad Expansion
- Helped settle the West
- Increased trade and movement
- Led to conflict with American Indians
Plains Indians
- Resisted westward expansion
- Forced onto reservations by U.S. government
Transcontinental Railroad
- Connected East and West
- Built heavily by immigrants
Ellis Island
- Immigration station in New York
- Processed many European immigrants
Standard Oil / John D. Rockefeller
- Used horizontal integration
- Bought smaller companies
- Created monopoly
Labor Unions
- Formed because of long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions
- Fought for workers’ rights
Plessy v. Ferguson
- Established “separate but equal”
- Allowed segregation and Jim Crow laws
World War I Causes
- Militarism
- Alliances
- Imperialism
- Nationalism
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
- German U-boats attacked ships
- Helped cause U.S. entry into WWI
Harlem Renaissance
- African American cultural movement in 1920s
- Literature, music, art flourished
19th Amendment
- Gave women the right to vote
Great Depression
- Began with stock market crash in 1929
- Massive unemployment and poverty
Eugene V. Debs
- Criticized U.S. involvement in WWI
- Punished under Espionage Act
New Deal
- Roosevelt’s programs to fight Depression
- Relief, Recovery, Reform
Second New Deal
- Focused on long-term reform
- Included Social Security Act
Social Security Act
- Helped elderly, unemployed, disabled
- Long-term economic reform
Dust Bowl
- Caused by drought + poor farming practices
- Forced migration west
Manhattan Project
- Secret U.S
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