Results for "Recycling"

writing recycling

rubbish and recycling

Short Answer Long Answer Topics Natural resources Renewable v non-renewable Flow resources Ecological footprint Types of Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Basic v non- basic industries Multiplier effect Using Natural Resources Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources? Industries in Canada (Key info) Forestry Farming Fishing Mining Oil & Gas Water Manufacturing Global Trade & Globalization Outsourcing Manufacturing towns 7 factors for manufacturing Free trade Tariff, Protectionism US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA) Disclaimer: All course material is subject to assessment content. The guide helps to focus on key topics. Natural Resources: Renewable V Non-renewable: (Definition) Renewable resources: resources that can be regenerated if used carefully. Ex. Solar energy, Wind energy, Water (hydropower), Geothermal energy, Biomass (plants/wood). (Definition) Non - Renewable resources: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up. Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Nuclear fuel (uranium), Metals like copper or iron (they exist in limited amounts). (Definition) Flow Resources: resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost. Ex. Sunlight, Wind, Flowing water (rivers), Ocean waves, Tides. Ecological footprint: Definition: An ecological footprint is the amount of land and resources needed to support how people live. Key Points: It includes how much energy, food, and water people use. More consumption means a bigger footprint. A smaller footprint is better for the environment. Types Of Industry: Primary Industry: (also called extractive industry) an industry that focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. This sector includes forest industries, agriculture, mining, and fishing. Ex. Farming, Fishing, Mining, Forestry (logging), Oil and gas extraction. Secondary Industry: an industry that focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. This sector includes manufacturing, construction, and utilities (the provision and distribution of electricity, water, natural gas, etc.). Ex. Car manufacturing,Food processing (factories), Construction (building houses), Clothing factories, Steel production. Tertiary Industry: (also called service or services-providing industry) an industry that focuses on providing services. This sector includes “everything else” that is not included in the primary and secondary industries. Ex.Teaching, Healthcare (doctors, nurses), Retail workers (stores), Transportation (bus drivers, taxi drivers), Restaurants and food services. Quaternary Industry: Special kinds of services--highly specialized knowledge- based or technological services. Research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. Examples include research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. OR Ex. Research and development (scientists in labs), Computer programming / software development, Accountants and financial analysts, Data analysis / big data specialists, Scientific consulting or technical advisory services. Basic V Non-basic Industries: (Definition) Basic Industry: A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else. Example: manufacturing something in your hometown then selling it somewhere else (Definition) Non-basic Industry: A job that circulates money within an economy. Example: getting your haircut at a local barber (Definition) Multiplier Effect: the increase in total wealth or income that occurs when raw money is injected into an economy. Using Natural Resources: The Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing: Reducing: The item is neither purchased nor produced in the first place. Fewer new items are produced. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MOST Reusing: The item is used by someone else when you no longer want it. The environmental cost of manufacturing the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MORE Recycling: The item is destroyed when you no longer want it, but the material in the item is recovered for reuse. The environmental cost of obtaining the raw materials for the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: SOME None of the 3Rs: The item is taken to a landfill or burned in an incinerator. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: NONE How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources?: People, governments, and industries can use resources wisely through choices, laws, incentives, and technology to reduce waste, protect the environment, and improve life Industries In Canada (Key Info): Forestry: Forestry = managing forests for resources and sustainability Covers 32% of Canada, mainly Boreal Forest Challenges: climate change and wildfires Farming: Farming is renewable with sustainable practices Prairies = grains; Ontario = fruits/vegetables/livestock; Quebec = dairy/mixed Challenges: soil loss, erosion, farmland loss, climate change Fishing: Fishing is renewable and important for jobs and food Found on coasts, inland, and Arctic regions Challenges: overfishing; solutions: sustainable practices Mining: Minerals are non-renewable and essential for technology Canada develops partnerships to secure critical minerals Sustainable use meets needs while reducing environmental impact Oil & Gas: Non-renewable: oil, gas, coal; cause greenhouse gases Oil = West Canada; Gas = BC; Coal = 300 million years old Renewable: wind, solar, hydro; more sustainable Water: Fresh water is drinkable, used for farming, industry, and energy Makes up ~2.5–3% of the world’s water and is renewable via the water cycle Canada has over 2 million lakes/rivers, with ~9% of the world’s freshwater Manufacturing: Outsourcing: Definition: Outsourcing is when a company moves part of its operation (e.g., manufacturing or IT support) to another country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs and/or less stringent labour and environmental controls. How does Outsourcing Impact the Canadian labour market?: It impacts the Canadian labour market because it eliminates jobs in Canada because companies move to other countries for cheaper labour. Manufacturing Towns: Definition: A Manufacturing Town is a town that develops primarily because of factories and manufacturing industries. Key Points: People move there for jobs in factories. The town’s economy depends on manufacturing. Often located near raw materials, transportation, or customers to make production easier. 7 Factors for Manufacturing: Factor: Location of Customers Key Takeaways: Companies prefer being close to customers Ensure deliveries arrive on time JIT helps deliver packages on schedule Factor: Proximity to Raw Materials Key Takeaways: Some prefer being near raw materials Raw materials are bulkier than finished goods Processed/frozen products are easier to ship Factor: Availability of Fresh Water and/or Power Key Takeaways: Reliable water and power needed for all manufacturers Aluminum production needs lots of cheap electricity Factor: Labour Supply Key Takeaways: Many products come from China or Bangladesh Skilled workers preferred over many unskilled workers Factor: Transportation Key Takeaways: Effective transportation needed for raw materials and products Method depends on speed and type of goods Factor: Political Factors Key Takeaways: Governments at all levels can influence location Financial incentives may encourage companies to locate in certain areas Factor: Circumstance Key Takeaways: Not all location decisions are logical Factors often focus on minimizing costs and improving efficiency Global Trade & Globalization: Free Trade: Definition: International trade without tariffs or other barriers to trade. Tariff, Protectionism: Tariff Protectionism means using tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect local businesses from foreign competition. Definitions: Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to protect domestic manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive. Protectionism: Protecting local industries, often by making imports more expensive. So together, it’s charging taxes on imports to help local businesses compete. US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA): Mr. Trump signed an updated trade deal called the Canada-United States- Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). CUSMA made it easier and cheaper for the three countries to trade goods and services. CUSMA makes trade cheaper between Canada, U.S., and Mexico Canada and U.S. are major trading partners; most Canadians live near the border Tariffs can backfire, hurting both economies and jobs (NAFTA INFO): NAFTA= trade deal between Canada, U.S, and Mexico that made trading goods and services easier and cheaper; replaced by CUSMA

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AQA GCSE Chemistry Paper 2

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Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling in Cells

# Synaptic transmission and the vesicle cycle ILO: - the two fundamental synaptic mechanisms by which excitable cells and in particular neurones can affect one another's function: electrical or chemical synaptic communication - how a neurotransmitter supporting chemical synaptic communication is defined and the diversity of types of small molecules that can be defined as being a neurotransmitter - how these are stored in small membranous vesicles, what constitutes the classical vesicle cycle and full collapse vesicle fusion during release - the experimental evidence for this full collapse fusion release model and how the vesicle membrane is recycled - further experimental evidence for an alternative to this model: the "kiss and run" model of vesicle cycling - the proteins that make up the release machinery and how they are readied for release during "docking" and "priming" - what happens to these proteins during the release process and the subsequent retrieval of vesicle membrane following full collapse fusion # Types of synapse - **chemical synapse** - molecules stored in vesicles - molecules diffuse across a gap - relatively slow - unidirectional - majority of synaptic transmission in the nervous system - **electrical synapse** - holes in adjoining cell membranes - linked by channels - gap junctions or connexons - signalling is very fast - bidirectional - direct electrical coupling between cells - electrical synchronisation in the heart - relatively rare in the nervous system - inhibitory interneurons or local networks # Chemical synapse Key functional roles - Neural computation - integration of many input +/- - Exhibit plasticity - development, learning and memory - Act as targets for drug action - neurotransmitter synthesis, release, receptors, uptake, degradation to produce a broad range or complex series of effects - inc functional flexibility ## Neurotransmitter 6 criteria :  ### Types  - amino acids - amines - purines - peptides - **dales principle** - neurons release just one transmitter at all of its synapses - how is dales principle challenged? - challenged by co existence and co release of small molecule transmitter and peptides by interneurons eg GABA and enkephalins - and more than one small molecule transmitter in some projection pathways eg L glutamate and dopamine ## Vesicles - neurotransmitters are likely to be stored in one type of vesicle ### Types  For LDCVs - concentration is lower because of the relatively proximity to the voltage gated channels - only seen when there is sustained AP in a more global manner rather than restricted to synaptic active zone ### Cycling  1. vesicle is filled with neurotransmitter with appropriate transporter which uses ATP as an energy source to drive against conc gradient and fill the vesicle 2. vesicle collected in to reserve pool, mobilised to active zone for docking 1. atp dependent process 3. primed to be sensitive to calc conc to initiate membrane fusion 1. also atp dependent 4. exocytosis following inc in intracellular conc of calcium 5. vesicle membrane fully collapses into the membrane 6. loss of membrane recovered with endocytosis, calcium dependent with coated pits 1. uncoating requires atp 7. small vesicles become part of endosome, all recycled 8. then pinched off again to start the cycle ### Evidence for full fusion/collapse - slam freezing - rapidly cooling of the neuromuscular junction on a metal block after electrical stimulation of motor neurone axon fibres to initiate acetylcholine release - sections of the presynaptic membrane were visualised at different types after electrical stimulation to follow any changes in presynaptic membrane - activity led to increase in membrane surface area - therefore vesicle recycling ### Step 1 - docking - close association with plasma membrane - synaptic vesicles only dock at active zone - presynaptic area adjacent to signal transduction machinery - active zones differ between neurons by vesicle number ### Step 2 - priming - ready for release - maturation of synaptic vesicle - made competent to release transmitter - requires ATP - conformational change in proteins that drive release ### Step 3 fusion/exocytosis - full fusion of synaptic vesicle and presynaptic terminal membrane - requires calcium - calcium sensor protein - fusion induces exocytosis - takes 1ms ### Step 4 endocytosis - recovery of fused membrane - triggered by inc intracellular calcium - involves cytoskeletal protein lattice formation from clathrin monomers - this helps to pinch off membrane with clathrin coated pits - takes about 5 seconds - ATP dependent ### Step 5 - recycling - mechanism to conserve synaptic vesicle membrane via endosome - decoating of clathrin coated pits is also atp dependent - vesicles refill with transmitter - atp dependent ### Kiss and Run Model? - fast recycling and low capacity, favoured at low frequency stimulation - may be majority of glutamate release in hippocampus - whereas classical is slow, high capacity, favoured at high frequency stimulation - full vesicle fusion may not be required - neurotransmitter leaks out of small fusion pores - SSVs recycled intact - and not recycled as clathrin coated vesicles via the endosome Functional evidence - flickering capacitance changes instead of up stepping capacitance - capacitance dependent on surface area ### Targeting vesicles Vesicle associated proteins - synaptobrevins VAMP - synaptotagmins Plasma membrane associated proteins - SNAP-25 - syntaxins ### Snares for release - synaptobrevin - single transmembrane spanning - t snare - syntaxin - single transmembrane spanning - SNAP-25 - anchored to membrane by S-acylation ### Release machinery in the different steps     Syntaxin regulatory domain is important in maintaining a tight connection to the cell membrane Snares form a tighter complex during priming - atp dependent - Habc domains binding assisted by Munc18 - zippering - formation of the SNARE pins What is the Ca2+ sensor? - synaptotagmin - found on vesciles - binds to SNARE pins in absence of Ca2+ - during priming - binds to phospholipids in C region in presence of Ca2+ - Ca2+ binding may cause synaptotagmin to pull vesicle into membrane Why must SNAREs disassociate? - to allow internalisation of empty vesicles - re docking of another vesicle - involves NSF - ATPase which binds to the SNARE-pin complex to facilitate disassociation

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