Results for "Peace of Augsburg"

1453: Fall of Constantinople - The Ottoman Empire captures Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and boosting Ottoman control over Eastern Mediterranean trade. Mid-1400s: European Age of Exploration Begins - Motivated by the search for direct trade routes to Asia, European nations like Portugal and Spain begin to explore the Atlantic. 1450s: Invention of the Printing Press - Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press in Europe revolutionizes the spread of ideas and literacy. Late 15th Century 1492: Columbus's First Voyage - Christopher Columbus reaches the Americas, initiating sustained European contact with the Americas and the Columbian Exchange. 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas - Divides newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian. 16th Century (1500s) 1500s: Columbian Exchange - Widespread exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds, profoundly impacting global populations. 1517: Martin Luther's 95 Theses - Marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, challenging the Catholic Church's practices and leading to religious conflicts in Europe. 1521: Fall of Tenochtitlán - Hernán Cortés and Spanish forces conquer the Aztec Empire, beginning Spanish dominance in Mesoamerica. 1532–1533: Conquest of the Inca Empire - Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire, extending Spanish control in South America. Mid-1500s: Rise of the Atlantic Slave Trade - European nations begin to establish colonies in the Americas, leading to the establishment of the transatlantic slave trade. 1555: Peace of Augsburg - Recognizes the division of Christianity in the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. 1588: Spanish Armada Defeated - The defeat of Spain’s naval fleet by England marks a shift in naval power and contributes to England’s rise as a major colonial power. 17th Century (1600s) 1600: Establishment of the British East India Company - Sets the stage for British influence and control in India over the coming centuries. 1603: Tokugawa Shogunate Established - Unifies Japan and brings a period of peace and isolation (sakoku), lasting until the mid-19th century. 1618–1648: Thirty Years' War - A major religious and political conflict in Europe, leading to the Peace of Westphalia, which introduces the concept of sovereign states. 1644: Manchu Conquest of China - Marks the beginning of the Qing Dynasty in China, which will become the last imperial dynasty. Mid-1600s: Scientific Revolution - Figures like Galileo, Newton, and Kepler lay the foundations of modern science, challenging traditional beliefs about the universe. 1689: Glorious Revolution - Establishes constitutional monarchy in England and strengthens parliamentary power over the monarchy. 1689–1725: Reign of Peter the Great - Peter I of Russia modernizes Russia and establishes it as a major European power. 18th Century (Early 1700s) 1700s: Rise of Mercantilism - European powers compete for global trade dominance and colonial wealth, following policies that emphasize national self-sufficiency. 1707: Formation of Great Britain - England and Scotland unite, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1720s: Height of the Atlantic Slave Trade - The transatlantic slave trade reaches its peak, with millions of Africans forcibly transported to the Americas. 1750: Beginning of the Industrial Revolution - Although traditionally set later, the roots of the Industrial Revolution start to take shape in Britain, with innovations in textiles and manufacturing.

Renaissance and Reformation Vocabulary (all words can be found in the textbook glossary) Renaissance: A period of European history lasting from about 1300 to 1600 during wich renewed interest in classical culture led to far reaching changes in art, leading, and views of the world. Humanism: Renaissance intellectual movement in wich thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential achievements. Secular: Connected with worldly rather than spiritual matters Patron: A person who suports artists, especially fainancially Perspective: An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimension on a flat surface Vernacular: Everyday language of people in region or country. Johann Gutenberg - developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. Reformation: A 16th century movement movement for religious reform leading to the founding of Christain churches that rejected peoples authority. Indulgence: Realising a person from punishments due for a sin Protestant: A member of a Christan church founded on the principles of the reformation Peace of Augsburg: Agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided bt it’s ruler Predestination: The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand including wich people will be eternally saved. Theocracy: Government controlled by religious leaders. Jesuit: Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent: A meeting of Roman catholic leaders called by Pope Paul lll to rule on doctrines criticzed by the Protestant reformers.

Chapter 2: Conflicts over Religious Pluralism