Chapter 2: Conflicts over Religious Pluralism

Gods grace

________ is the only way to acquire salvation and no other actions are required to be performed by the people.

Elizabeth

________ employed diplomacy and often used marriage proposals to form alliances.

Concordat of Bologna

The ________ signed in 1516 worked for several decades, as long as nearly all French were Catholics.

Zwingli

________ insisted abolishing the spiritual necessity of ritual sacraments, such as baptism, confirmation and penance.

Martin Luther

When ________ began criticizing the Catholic Church, Henry VIII quickly came to the support of Pope Leo X. Henry VIII, with the help of his trusted advisor Thomas More, argued in favor of the supremacy of the pope and the importance of the sacraments.

Southern

The actions of the Catholic Reformation revived Catholicism, particularly in ________ and Central Europe, in what are today the countries of Spain, Italy, and Austria.

Confirmation

________: the rite at which a baptized person, especially one baptized as an infant, affirms Christian belief and is admitted as a full member of the Church.

German Peasant Wars

Eg: In the ________ of 1525 and 1526, farmers rebelled against the feudal power of the nobles.

1533

In ________, Anne Boleyn became pregnant and then gave birth to Elizabeth.

Charles

In 1555, ________ established the Peace of Augsburg in the German states, a legal agreement allowing each German ruler to determine whether residents of that state would be Catholic or Lutheran.

Peace of Westphalia

The Thirty Years War ended with the ________ in 1648.

John Calvin

In 1536, a French- born theologian ________ published his book "Institutes of the Christian Religion, calling for religious and political reforms.

Indulgences

________: a practice that had come to mean the buying of forgiveness for sin.

1499

In ________, the Swiss Confederation won enough autonomy to allow Swiss merchants and crafts workers to flourish economically and politically.

Catherine de Medici

________ in collaboration with the reactionary Catholic Guise family, ordered the massacre of the Huguenots, which pleased the pope and other reactionary Catholics.

Papal infallibility

________:- the belief that the word of the pope is supreme on matters of faith.

Puritans

________: wanted to "purify "the Church of England, demanding the elimination of clerical dress and removal of Catholics from England.

Penance

________: a sacrament in which a member of the Church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution.

Luther

In April 1521, ________ appeared before a diet, or assembly of leaders, that convened in the city of Worms with the choice to either recant or affirm his beliefs.

Geneva

The Bible served as the highest law in ________.

Henry IV

________ took power in French society torn by religious conflict.

Predestination

________: Calvin believed that an omnipotent (all- knowing) God already knew who would be saved and that, even at birth, a persons eternal fate was set.

Christians

The Inquisition searched for and punished heretics, ________ who denied important Church doctrines.

Luthers footsteps

Following ________, Zwingli Zwingli criticized the papal authority and clerical celibacy, or abstaining from marriage and sexual relations.

Pope Leo X

Luther presented his document known as 95 Theses after ________ proclaimed a Jubilee Indulgence to raise money for the restoration of St. Peters Basilica.

Ferdinand

________ took power in the middle of a 230- year conflict with its neighbor to the southeast, the Ottoman Empire.

English Parliament

In Nov 1534, the ________ passed the Act of Supremacy, making the king of England the head of the Church of England.

heir presumptive

He (Henry) was ________ to the throne after Henry III of Valois.

France

Like England and ________, the Habsburg Empire faced deadly political and religious tensions in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Pope Paul III

________ convened the Council of Trent.

Gustavus Adolphus

King ________ of Sweden, took control of Protestant forces, funded to a large degree by Cardinal Richelieu of France, who was the chief minister to King Louis XIII.

1509

In ________, Henry VIII assumed the throne of England.

• Indulgences

________: a practice that had come to mean the buying of forgiveness for sin.

Roman Inquisition

In 1542, the pope introduced the ________ to stop Catholics from converting to Protestantism.

Marburg Colloquy

The ________: The Protestant leader Philip of Hesse invited Luther and Zwingli to discuss their disputes and unite Protestants.

Index of Prohibited Books

________: A list of books that Catholic printers were not to print and Catholics were not to read.

Philip II

________ was fiercely anti- Protestant, and he devoted his rule to making all of Europe Catholic again.

Henry Navarre

________ invited many wealthy and influential Huguenots to the wedding in Paris.

ascension of Charles IX

The ________ caused a power vacuum in which religious and political motivations, the French Wars of Religion continued to escalate leading to nine civil wars from 1562 to 1589.

Low Church

________: Those who were more influenced by Protestant doctrines and practices were known as "________ ..

1649

In ________, the Parliamentarians successfully overthrew the Stuart monarchy and executed Charles I.

Henry III

________ became king of France in 1574 after the death of Charles IX.

blood of Christ

Luther believed that the communions bread and wine were both bread and wine and the body and ________ (consubstantiation)

Philip II of Spain

Henry of Guise was a Catholic with support from ________.

• Simony

________: the buying and selling of Church appointments and offices.

St Bartholomews Day Massacre

________: At the marriage of Margaret of Valois, the sister of the king of France, to Henry of Navarre, a leading Calvinist.

Edict of Nantes

________ recognized Catholicism as Frances official religion but allowed Huguenots to worship freely in certain provinces.

Ottoman Empire

In 1453, the ________ had captured Constantinople, completing its conquest of the Byzantine Empire.

• Immorality

________: the decline in moral standards of clergy and monks.

Puritans

The struggle between the ________ and the Stuart monarchy came to a head in the English Civil War (1642- 1649) when the ________ supported the Parliamentarians against the Royalists.