Review Questions
1.
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
a. child riding a bike
b. teen socializing
c. infant sucking on a nipple
d. toddler walking
2
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
e. is innate
f. occurs as a result of experience
g. is found only in humans
h. occurs by observing others
3.
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
i. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
j. classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning
k. operant conditioning; observational learning
l. operant conditioning; learning conditioning
4.
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
m. associative learning
n. observational learning
o. operant conditioning
p. classical conditioning
5.
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
q. unconditioned stimulus
r. neutral stimulus
s. conditioned stimulus
t. unconditioned response
6.
In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
u. higher order conditioning
v. acquisition
w. stimulus discrimination
x. stimulus generalization
7.
Extinction occurs when ________.
y. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
z. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
aa. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
ab. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
8.
In Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
ac. unconditioned responses
ad. conditioned responses
ae. unconditioned stimuli
af. conditioned stimuli
9.
________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
ag. positive reinforcement
ah. negative reinforcement
ai. positive punishment
aj. negative punishment
10.
Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
ak. food
al. money
am. water
an. sex
11.
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
ao. shaping
ap. extinction
aq. positive reinforcement
ar. negative reinforcement
12.
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
as. fixed ratio
at. variable ratio
au. fixed interval
av. variable interval
13.
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
aw. teacher
ax. model
ay. instructor
az. coach
14.
In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
ba. ignored the doll
bb. played nicely with the doll
bc. played with tinker toys
bd. kicked and threw the doll
15.
Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
be. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
bf. motivation, attention, reproduction, retention
bg. attention, motivation, retention, reproduction
bh. motivation, attention, retention, reproduction
16.
Who proposed observational learning?
bi. Ivan Pavlov
bj. John Watson
bk. Albert Bandura
bl. B. F. Skinner
