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🏠 DOM — HOUSE / HOME * house — dom * apartment / flat — mieszkanie * room — pokój * door — drzwi * window — okno * wall — ściana * floor — podłoga * ceiling — sufit * stairs — schody * roof — dach * garden — ogród * balcony — balkon * garage — garaż * key — klucz * lock — zamek * furniture — meble * table — stół * chair — krzesło * lamp — lampa * light — światło * shelf — półka * wardrobe — szafa * mirror — lustro * carpet — dywan * curtain — zasłona 🛋️ SALON — LIVING ROOM * living room — salon * sofa / couch — kanapa * armchair — fotel * coffee table — stolik kawowy * TV — telewizor * remote control — pilot * bookshelf — regał na książki * fireplace — kominek * cushion — poduszka dekoracyjna * blanket — koc * rug — dywan * picture — obraz * decoration — dekoracja 🍳 KUCHNIA — KITCHEN * kitchen — kuchnia * fridge — lodówka * freezer — zamrażarka * oven — piekarnik * microwave — mikrofalówka * dishwasher — zmywarka * sink — zlew * tap / faucet — kran * cooker / stove — kuchenka * kettle — czajnik * frying pan — patelnia * pot — garnek * plate — talerz * bowl — miska * cup — filiżanka * mug — kubek * glass — szklanka * fork — widelec * knife — nóż * spoon — łyżka * teaspoon — łyżeczka * chopping board — deska do krojenia * bin / trash can — kosz na śmieci 🚿 ŁAZIENKA — BATHROOM * bathroom — łazienka * shower — prysznic * bathtub — wanna * toilet — toaleta * sink — umywalka * mirror — lustro * washing machine — pralka * towel — ręcznik * soap — mydło * shampoo — szampon * toothbrush — szczoteczka do zębów * toothpaste — pasta do zębów * toilet paper — papier toaletowy * hair dryer — suszarka do włosów * comb — grzebień * brush — szczotka * razor — maszynka do golenia 🍎 JEDZENIE — FOOD * food — jedzenie * bread — chleb * butter — masło * cheese — ser * ham — szynka * egg — jajko * meat — mięso * chicken — kurczak * beef — wołowina * pork — wieprzowina * fish — ryba * rice — ryż * pasta — makaron * potatoes — ziemniaki * vegetables — warzywa * fruit — owoce * apple — jabłko * banana — banan * strawberry — truskawka * tomato — pomidor * cucumber — ogórek * onion — cebula * garlic — czosnek * soup — zupa * salad — sałatka * cake — ciasto * ice cream — lody * breakfast — śniadanie * lunch — lunch / obiad * dinner — obiad / kolacja * dessert — deser 👨 WYGLĄD — APPEARANCE * appearance — wygląd * tall — wysoki * short — niski * slim — szczupły * thin — chudy * overweight — z nadwagą * muscular — umięśniony * handsome — przystojny * beautiful — piękna * pretty — ładna * attractive — atrakcyjny * young — młody * old — stary / starszy * beard — broda * moustache — wąsy * blue eyes — niebieskie oczy * green eyes — zielone oczy * brown eyes — brązowe oczy * pale skin — blada skóra * tanned — opalony 💇 WŁOSY I FRYZURY — HAIR * hair — włosy * long hair — długie włosy * short hair — krótkie włosy * medium-length hair — włosy średniej długości * straight hair — proste włosy * curly hair — kręcone włosy * wavy hair — falowane włosy * thick hair — gęste włosy * thin hair — cienkie / rzadkie włosy * blonde hair — blond włosy * dark hair — ciemne włosy * brown hair — brązowe włosy * black hair — czarne włosy * red hair — rude włosy * grey hair — siwe włosy * bald — łysy * haircut — fryzura / strzyżenie * fringe / bangs — grzywka * ponytail — kucyk * bun — kok 🧠 CHARAKTER — PERSONALITY * friendly — przyjazny * nice — miły * kind — życzliwy * funny — zabawny * happy — szczęśliwy * cheerful — pogodny * calm — spokojny * shy — nieśmiały * confident — pewny siebie * brave — odważny * honest — uczciwy / szczery * helpful — pomocny * polite — uprzejmy * patient — cierpliwy * generous — hojny * hardworking — pracowity * lazy — leniwy * nervous — nerwowy * serious — poważny * rude — niegrzeczny * selfish — samolubny * talkative — rozmowny * quiet — cichy / małomówny * stubborn — uparty * responsible — odpowiedzialny 🍽️ RESTAURACJA — RESTAURANT * restaurant — restauracja * menu — menu * table — stolik * waiter — kelner * waitress — kelnerka * customer — klient * order — zamówienie / zamawiać * bill / check — rachunek * tip — napiwek * starter — przystawka * main course — danie główne * dessert — deser * drink — napój * still water — woda niegazowana * sparkling water — woda gazowana * reservation — rezerwacja * available table — wolny stolik Przydatne zdania: * A table for two, please. — Stolik dla dwóch osób, proszę. * Can I see the menu? — Czy mogę zobaczyć menu? * I’d like to order. — Chciałbym zamówić. * Can I have the bill, please? — Czy mogę prosić rachunek? * Is service included? — Czy obsługa jest wliczona? ☕ KAWIARNIA — CAFÉ * café — kawiarnia * coffee — kawa * tea — herbata * espresso — espresso * latte — latte * cappuccino — cappuccino * sugar — cukier * milk — mleko * cake — ciasto * sandwich — kanapka * takeaway — na wynos * to go — na wynos 💊 APTEKA — PHARMACY * pharmacy — apteka * pharmacist — farmaceuta * medicine — lekarstwo * tablets / pills — tabletki * painkiller — lek przeciwbólowy * prescription — recepta * cream — krem / maść * bandage — bandaż * plaster — plaster * cough — kaszel * headache — ból głowy * sore throat — ból gardła * cold — przeziębienie * fever — gorączka 🚆 POCIĄG / DWORZEC — TRAIN / RAILWAY STATION * train — pociąg * railway station / train station — dworzec kolejowy * platform — peron * ticket — bilet * ticket office — kasa biletowa * timetable — rozkład jazdy * departure — odjazd * arrival — przyjazd * delay — opóźnienie * passenger — pasażer * seat — miejsce / siedzenie * carriage — wagon * return ticket — bilet w obie strony * one-way ticket — bilet w jedną stronę * ticket machine — biletomat * luggage — bagaż 🏙️ MIASTO — CITY * city — miasto * town — miasteczko * street — ulica * road — droga * pavement / sidewalk — chodnik * crossroads / intersection — skrzyżowanie * traffic lights — światła * pedestrian crossing / crosswalk — przejście dla pieszych * road sign — znak drogowy * traffic — ruch uliczny * city center — centrum miasta * bus stop — przystanek autobusowy * station — stacja / dworzec * shop — sklep * supermarket — supermarket * bank — bank * hospital — szpital * police station — komisariat * post office — poczta * hotel — hotel * park — park * airport — lotnisko 🧭 PYTANIE O DROGĘ — DIRECTIONS * left — lewo * right — prawo * straight ahead — prosto * turn left — skręć w lewo * turn right — skręć w prawo * go straight — idź prosto * go back — wróć * cross the street — przejdź przez ulicę * at the corner — na rogu * around the corner — za rogiem * next to — obok * opposite — naprzeciwko * between — pomiędzy * behind — za * in front of — przed * near — blisko * far — daleko * on your left — po twojej lewej stronie * on your right — po twojej prawej stronie
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Chapter 10: Stress, Health, and Coping Stress vs. Stressor * Stressor: Anything that causes stress (an event, situation, or demand). * Example: Exams, losing a job, relationship problems. * Stress: The body’s response to a stressor. * Example: Feeling anxious, increased heart rate. Types of Stressors 1. Catastrophe * Large, unpredictable events affecting many people. * Example: Natural disasters, wars. 2. Significant Life Changes * Major events that require adjustment. * Example: Divorce, moving, starting college. 3. Daily Stressors * Small everyday problems. * Example: Traffic, homework, arguments. Sympathetic Nervous System & Fight-or-Flight * Activates during stressful situations. * Prepares the body to react. * Causes: * Increased heart rate * Faster breathing * More energy released General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) A three-stage response to stress: 1. Alarm: Body reacts to stress. 2. Resistance: Body tries to adapt and continue functioning. 3. Exhaustion: Long-term stress drains resources. Type A vs. Type B Personality Type A: * Competitive * Impatient * Time-urgent * More stress-prone Type B: * Relaxed * Patient * Less stressed Immune System & Stress * Long-term stress weakens the immune system. * Makes the body more vulnerable to illness. Locus of Control Internal locus of control: * Belief that you control your outcomes. External locus of control: * Belief that outside forces control outcomes (luck, fate). Managing Stress * Aerobic exercise * Meditation * Relaxation techniques * Spending time with pets * Social support * Healthy sleep habits ⸻ Chapter 11: Social Psychology Fundamental Attribution Error * Tendency to explain others’ behavior by personality instead of situations. * Example: “He’s lazy” instead of considering he may be exhausted. Attitudes * Feelings and beliefs that influence behavior. * Made of: * Thoughts * Feelings * Actions Cognitive Dissonance * Mental discomfort from having conflicting beliefs or behaviors. * Example: Knowing smoking is unhealthy but continuing to smoke. Social Contagion * Spread of behaviors, emotions, or ideas through groups. * Example: Panic spreading through a crowd. Classic Studies Asch’s Line Study * Showed people may conform to a group even when the group is wrong. Milgram’s Obedience Study * Showed people may obey authority figures even when uncomfortable. Social Facilitation vs. Social Loafing Social Facilitation: * Performance improves when others are watching. Social Loafing: * People put in less effort when working in groups. Deindividuation * Losing self-awareness and responsibility in a group. * Example: Crowds acting differently than individuals. Ingoups vs. Outgroups Ingroup: * Group you belong to. Outgroup: * Group you see as different. Can lead to: * Bias * Stereotypes * Prejudice Passionate vs. Companionate Love Passionate Love: * Intense attraction and excitement. Companionate Love: * Deep affection, trust, and commitment. Altruism & Bystander Effect Altruism: * Helping others without expecting a reward. Bystander Effect: * People are less likely to help when others are present. ⸻ Chapter 12: Personality Personality * Patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make someone unique. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) Id * Wants immediate pleasure. * “I want it now.” Ego * Reality-based decision maker. * Balances id and superego. Superego * Morals and rules. Defense Mechanisms Ways the mind protects itself from anxiety. Examples: * Denial: Refusing to accept reality. * Projection: Blaming feelings on others. * Rationalization: Creating excuses. Humanistic Theory * Focuses on personal growth and reaching full potential. * Carl Rogers developed Person-Centered Therapy. Trait Theory (Big Five) Five major personality traits: OCEAN * Openness * Conscientiousness * Extraversion * Agreeableness * Neuroticism Spotlight Effect vs. Narcissism Spotlight Effect: * Believing others notice you more than they actually do. Narcissism: * Excessive self-focus and feeling superior. Kruger-Dunning Effect * People with low ability may overestimate their skills. Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Cultures Individualistic: * Focus on independence and personal goals. Collectivistic: * Focus on family, groups, and cooperation. ⸻ Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder * A pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that causes distress or problems functioning. Anxiety Disorders * Excessive fear or worry. Examples: * Generalized anxiety disorder * Panic disorder * Phobias OCD * Obsessions (unwanted thoughts) * Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) PTSD * Stress disorder after experiencing or witnessing trauma. Substance Use Disorder * Difficulty controlling substance use despite negative effects. Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms include: * Persistent sadness * Loss of interest * Changes in sleep or energy Bipolar Disorder * Episodes of depression and mania. * Mania involves unusually high energy, mood, or activity. Suicidal Ideation * Thoughts about suicide. (Important: any concerns about safety should be taken seriously and support should be reached out to.) Schizophrenia * Disorder involving: * Hallucinations * Delusions * Disorganized thinking Personality Disorders Antisocial PD * Disregard for others’ rights and social rules. Narcissistic PD * Extreme need for admiration and lack of empathy. Borderline PD * Difficulty with emotions, relationships, and sense of self. ⸻ Chapter 14: Treatment Psychotherapy * Treatment using psychological methods to improve mental health. Types of Psychotherapy Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic * Focuses on unconscious conflicts and past experiences. Client-Centered/Humanistic * Focuses on acceptance, growth, and self-understanding. Behavioral Therapy * Changes behaviors through learning principles. Cognitive Therapy * Changes unhealthy thought patterns. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) * Combines changing thoughts and behaviors. Family Therapy * Works with family relationships. Group Therapy * Therapy with multiple people. Evidence-Based Practice * Treatments supported by scientific research. Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Improving mental health through: * Exercise * Sleep * Nutrition * Social connection Biomedical Treatments Medication * Treats symptoms through biological processes. ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) * Uses controlled electrical stimulation to treat severe depression. Psychosurgery * Surgery involving the brain (rare). TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) * Uses magnetic stimulation to affect brain activity. ⸻ Quick Test Tips: * Stress = response, Stressor = cause * Asch = conformity * Milgram = obedience * Big Five = OCEAN * Id = pleasure, Ego = reality, Superego = morals * CBT = thoughts + behaviors * Bystander effect = less helping in groups
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