​​2023 Semester Only Grade 7th/8th Physical Education Content Review Key Concepts Content • Responsible behaviors • Team Building • Responsible Behaviors o Demonstrate acceptance and respect for people with diverse backgrounds and abilities during fitness activities. Develop strategies for including everyone. o Demonstrate responsible behaviors during fitness activities. Examples of responsible behaviors are controlling emotions, resolving conflicts, respecting opponents and officials, and accepting both victory and defeat • Team Building o Characteristics of High-Performing Teams - Most members of high-performing teams report that it’s fun and satisfying to work on collaborative teams because they are asked to contribute at their highest potential and they learn a lot along the way. Characteristics of high-performing teams include the following: ▪ People have solid and deep trust in each other and in the team’s purpose — they feel free to express feelings and ideas. ▪ Everybody is working toward the same goals. Everyone places the team first. ▪ Team members are clear on how to work together and how to accomplish tasks. ▪ Everyone understands both team and individual performance goals and knows what is expected. ▪ Individuals contribute to the team based on their unique strengths ▪ The team engages in extensive discussion, and everyone gets a chance to contribute. ▪ Disagreement is viewed as a good thing and conflicts are managed. Criticism is constructive and is oriented toward problem solving and removing obstacles. ▪ The team makes decisions when there is natural agreement — in the cases where agreement is elusive, a decision is made by the team lead or executive sponsor, after which little second-guessing occurs. ▪ Each team member carries his or her own weight and respects the team processes and other members. ▪ The leadership of the team shifts from time to time, as appropriate, to drive results. ▪ No individual members are more important than the team. • Warm-up • Cool-Down • Heat Cramps • Hear Exhaustion • Heat Stroke • Dehydration • Proper Attire (clothes and shoes) - color and type of clothing to be worn during exercise in different climates • Proper Hydration - drink water before, during and after exercise especially during hot weather • Warm-up: Gentle exercises that get the heart and muscles ready for moderate to vigorous physical activity. You know when you are warmed up when you begin to sweat and breath more heavily. o Walking or jogging for 5-10 minutes is recommended • Cool-Down: Gentle exercises that let the body adjust to ending a workout. Should last for 5-10 minutes allowing your heart rate and breathing to return to normal. o Include light stretching in your cool down to help muscles relax and not feel stiff or sore afterward. • Heat-Related Illnesses o Heat Cramps: Painful, brief muscle cramps that occur during exercise in a hot environment, caused by dehydration o Heat Exhaustion: A heat illness caused by the body overheating. Symptoms include heavy sweating, dizziness, weakness and rapid pulse o Heat Stoke: A health illness caused by the bodies inability to regulate its temperature. Symptoms include hot, dry skin, elevated body temperature, lack of sweat, hallucinations o Dehydration: Excessive loss of body fluid • Aerobic exercise • Anaerobic exercise • Pedometer • Vigorous • Moderate • FITT • Aerobic Exercise - Rhythmic activity that uses large amounts of oxygen and works the heart and lungs. • Anaerobic Exercise - Activities performed (without oxygen) consists of brief strength-based activities. • Heart Rate - The number of times your heart beats per minute. • Moderate physical activity - An activity with intensity equal to brisk walking. Activities of moderate intensity can be performed for relatively long periods of time without fatigue. • Vigorous physical activity - Movement that expends more energy or is performed at a higher intensity than brisk walking. • Forehand stroke • Backhand stroke • Forehand strokes (racquet sports) are where the front of the hand leads the stroke. o To strike the ball players should stand with their opposite shoulder facing the net, swing from low to high and follow through. Opposite footsteps toward the net. o Follow through by driving the racket forward so that it ends up above the shoulders, pointing up to the sky and in the direction of the ball you just hit. o Hitting the ball too late may cause the ball to land out of bounds. • Backhand strokes (racquet sports) are where the back of the hand leads the stroke. o Begin with a balanced ready position. Transition from large steps to smaller steps as a player closes in on the ball will help maintain balance. Step toward the net with the foot on the same side. o As the ball approaches, the player must move to intercept it, the shoulder must turn to begin the backswing. As a player sets to hit the ball, the backswing is complete. o The path of the racket extends along the intended flight of the ball as long as possible. Contact point for a one-handed backhand is further in front of the body than in a two-handed stroke. o The face of the racket remains vertical through the contact zone. The follow through is high. • CPR • Aquatic safety • Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) o Hands-Only CPR Steps: ▪ Call 911 and push hard and fast in the center of the chest (100 compressions a minute) • Aquatic Safety o Swim with a buddy o Take swimming, diving, and water safety or rescue classes to learn the skills to swim and dive safely. o Never swim under the influence of alcohol or drugs o Make sure to check the depth of the water before diving • Free Pass • Penalty try • Rugby Game Play: o free pass: is used to start the match or restart after a “try”. It starts from the center of the field at the halfway line at the beginning of each half. From the touch line (at the place where the ball went into touch) when the ball goes into touch (put into play), and from where the referee makes a mark when an infringement has taken place. o To score in flag rugby you must be on or cross the end zone with your flag on, touch the ball to the ground and say “try”. o A penalty try will be awarded if a try would have been scored if there was not foul play by the defending team. o When a try is scored, the game is restarted by a free pass from the center of the pitch by the non-scoring team. o The player taking the free pass must start with the ball in both hands and, when instructed by the referee who will declare “Play”, pass the ball sideways or backwards through the air to a team-mate. • Rules of the game • Basketball Rules: o The game starts with a jump ball then alternate possession begins. o Five players play on the floor at a time. Players’ positions consist of guards, forwards and a center, o Traveling- is having possession of the ball and moving without dribbling, resulting in a turnover. • Rules • Ultimate Frisbee is a non-contact field sport that combines elements of soccer, football and basketball. The object of the game is for a team to pass the disc from player to player until a pass is completed to a teammate in the end zone resulting in a score. Teams consist of 7 players. • How the Game is Played: o The game is played to 13 points or until a certain amount of time has passed. o All players from both teams begin each point in their respective end zones. Play is initiated with a “pull” from the defensive team’s end zone. The disc is passed from player to player down the field. o Once the disc is caught the “handler” must come to a complete stop. He/she may pivot but must maintain one planted foot at all times (even on the follow through). o The thrower or “handler” has ten seconds to throw the disc once caught. o A point is scored when a receiver catches the disc in the end zone. • Warm-up • Cool-Down • Heat Cramps • Heat Exhaustion • Heat Stroke • Dehydration • Proper Attire (clothes and shoes) - color and type of clothing to be worn during exercise in different climates • Proper Hydration - drink water before, during and after exercise especially during hot weather • Warm-up: Gentle exercises that get the heart and muscles ready for moderate to vigorous physical activity. You know when you are warmed up when you begin to sweat and breath more heavily. o Walking or jogging for 5-10 minutes is recommended • Cool-Down: Gentle exercises that let the body adjust to ending a workout. Should last for 5-10 minutes allowing your heart rate and breathing to return to normal. o Include light stretching in your cool down to help muscles relax and not feel stiff or sore afterward. • Heat-Related Illnesses o Heat Cramps: Painful, brief muscle cramps that occur during exercise in a hot environment, caused by dehydration o Heat Exhaustion: A heat illness caused by the body overheating. Symptoms include heavy sweating, dizziness, weakness and rapid pulse o Heat Stoke: A health illness caused by the bodies inability to regulate its temperature. Symptoms include hot, dry skin, elevated body temperature, lack of sweat, hallucinations • Dehydration: Excessive loss of body fluid • Alcohol • Smoking • Effective Communication • Alcohol o Underage drinking is considered illegal o There are laws about alcohol consumption o Alcohol slows down the ability to think clearly • Smoking o Smoking is the primary risk factor in respiratory diseases including emphysema and bronchitis o Cigarette smoking causes the heartbeat to increase the heart rate o Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates the heart to beat faster, which increases the heart’s need for more oxygen. Carbon monoxide replaces the oxygen in the blood forcing the heart to work harder. • Effective Communication o Includes: ▪ being respectful ▪ Actively listening ▪ Using assertive communication skills when needed • PACER • Push-ups • Curl-ups • Sit and Reach • Fitness Test o PACER: Performed to measure cardiorespiratory fitness o Push-ups: Use to measure muscular strength and endurance o Curl-ups: Used to measure abdominal muscular endurance and muscular strength o Sit and Reach: Performed to measure a student’s flexibility • Digital Citizenship • Digital Footprint • Digital Citizenship: is a safe, responsible, and respectful use of technology • Digital Footprint: is essentially a history of everything you’ve ever done online. Everything you post and do online can follow you through middle and high school, college, and even when you get a job. It has the potential to contribute positively or negatively to your digital reputation. • Positions in Hockey • How the Game is played • Scoring • Hand Placement • How the game of hockey is played o Street hockey is played very similar to ice hockey using the same rules and similar style of play. The only difference is that the players are using a ball instead of a puck and are running on firm ground rather than skating on ice. The game is played with 5 players and a goalie. There are five players on the court at a time with a goalie. Three forwards (2 wingers and a center) and two defenders. • Object of the game o Hockey is a fast-paced team sport, and the object is to outscore your opponent in the allotted time. • Start to play o A face-off will occur after every goal scored and to start off each period. The referee will drop the ball in-between the two centers who are facing each other. There are three periods in a game. • Out of Bounds o If the ball is hit out of bounds, then the opposing team may pass it back in from the side lines. • Scoring o a goal is made when a player either knocks down a cone, or if the ball crosses the goal line. Both goals and assists will be rewarded when scorekeeping during tournament play at the end of the unit. • How the game is played • Players and positions • Basic Skills • How the game of volleyball is played: o A game is played to 25 points. A team must win by 2 points and is called a set. A match is 3 out of 5 sets. o The server must stand anywhere behind the end line on his/her side of the court prior to the serve. The ball may be served underhand or overhand. The player who serves is in the right back position. o Each team may only hit the ball 3 times on its side before the ball must pass over the net. o The teams will rotate clockwise each time they win the serve. o A point is scored every time a ball is not returned properly into the opponent’s court, this is called rally scoring. Thus, both serving and receiving teams can score points. o If the ball hits the line it is considered, in bounds or good. • Players and Positions: o Setters – player who “sets” the ball with an “overhead pass” for a teammate to hit, the setter normally runs the offense o Hitter - the spiker or attacker o Outside hitter - A left or right-front attacker normally taking an approach which starts from outside the court o Libero - defensive specialists, designated for back row only, and wear a different colored jersey. The libero may serve for one player she is substituting for per game. o Blocking - A defensive play by one or more players meant to deflect a spiked ball back into the hitter’s court. To block, move your body in front of the hitter, keep arms in front, straight, palms facing the ball. • Players • Rules • Cues for throwing in flag football • Cues for catching • Scoring • Flag Safety • Defensive Strategy • Flag Football Players Include o Quarterback - The offensive person who is in charge of advancing the ball down the field (either by hand-off or pass), in order to gain yardage, a first down, or to score a touchdown. The QB also initiates and calls the plays. o Center - The offensive person who is in charge of “snapping” or “hiking” the football to the Quarterback. (“Hiking” means to hand the ball between the legs) o Receiver - The offensive person who runs a route down the field to catch a pass from the quarterback in order to gain yardage, a first down, or to score a touchdown • Rules o Interception - When the defensive player catches a pass intended for an offensive receiver o Sack - When the Quarterback has his flag pulled by the defense behind the line of scrimmage o Fumble - When the ball is dropped after being in possession o Line of Scrimmage - Each play starts on the line of scrimmage. The line of scrimmage is the imaginary line where the nose of the ball is placed to separate the offensive team from the defensive team. • Downs - The offensive team then has 4 “downs” to advance the ball to the next 1st down marker. Teams may advance the ball by passing or rushing • How the game is played • How the game of soccer is played o Soccer is a field game between two teams of up to 11 players. o The purpose of the game is to make goals by dribbling, heading, or volleying the ball into the opponent’s goal while defending the teams own goal from opponents. o The ball is put into play at the beginning of the game when a player kicks the ball into the opponent’s half of the field at a distance of at least the circumference of the ball. The kicking player may not kick the ball twice in a row. o Once the ball is in play, each team tries to advance the ball toward the opponent’s goal to score by dribbling and passing it down the field. o Players are free to play the ball in any direction during play. In typical play, players attempt to create goal scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, dribbling, passing and taking shots on goal

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What are the two religions born in the 5th century BCE? / Jainism and Buddhism What was the Vedic Era known for? / The beginning of Vedic religious beliefs and rituals recorded in the Vedas What were the Vedas? / Sacred Sanskrit scriptures and collections of hymns considered sources of knowledge Who were the Vedic people? / Pastoral people living in the Punjab region What materials did Vedic people mainly use? / Wood, clay, bamboo, and other temporary materials What was yajna? / A fire sacrifice ritual performed to please natural deities Did Vedic religion require temples or idols? / No, rituals were performed without temples or iconography What type of religion was early Vedic faith? / A naturalistic polytheistic religion Why were there many gods in Vedic religion? / Because each natural phenomenon had its own deity Who performed yajna rituals? / Priests called yajaka Who was the yajmana? / The patron or benefactor for whom the yajna was performed What was Varna? / The caste system in Vedic society What does Varna mean? / Color or kind Why is Vedic religion also called Brahmanism? / Because Brahmin priests held great importance What is Hinduism described as in the notes? / A broad term covering many religious systems, sects, and cults Which Veda is considered the oldest? / Rig Veda How were the Vedas passed down originally? / Through oral tradition What problem occurred because of oral transmission of the Vedas? / Chronological and dating errors What did the later Vedas mainly contain? / Sacrificial instructions, magic formulas, and spells What was the Shramanic tradition? / A movement opposing Vedic beliefs and Brahmanism Who were the Shramanas? / Ascetics and wanderers searching for ultimate truth What does Shramana mean? / Striving and working hard through austerity Why did Shramanas leave their homes? / To search for truth about life and the universe Which Shramanic traditions survived into modern times? / Buddhism and Jainism What does Jainism believe in? / Eternal souls and extreme austerities for liberation What does Buddhism believe in? / Impermanence, nonexistence of soul, and the middle path What is the Buddhist middle path? / A moderate path avoiding extremes to achieve Nirvana Why did Buddhism spread more widely than Jainism? / Buddhism became missionary and spread across Asia Why did Jainism remain limited mainly to India? / Because it lacked missionary expansion What political factor helped Buddhism rise? / Changing political conditions in South Asia What material change occurred during the Mauryan period? / A shift from perishable materials to stone and durable materials How did Alexander’s invasion affect South Asia? / It introduced foreign artistic and cultural influences Who founded the Maurya Empire? / Chandragupta Maurya Who was Seleucus Nicator? / A Greek general of Alexander the Great Who was Megasthenes? / A Greek ambassador to the Mauryan court Who expanded the Mauryan Empire into the Deccan? / Bindusara Who was Ashoka? / The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya and a major Buddhist ruler What event changed Ashoka’s attitude toward violence? / The War of Kalinga How did Ashoka react after the Kalinga War? / He felt deep regret for violence What did Ashoka reportedly build after embracing Buddhism? / Thousands of stupas What were Ashoka’s edicts? / Inscriptions spread across his empire promoting moral teachings What is the Lion Capital of Sarnath? / A famous Mauryan sculpture and symbol of authority Which foreign styles influenced Mauryan art? / Achaemenid Persian and Greek styles What is Mauryan polish? / A smooth, shiny finish used on Mauryan sculptures and pillars Why do some Mauryan sculptures appear highly developed? / Because Persian or Persian-trained craftsmen likely worked on them What medium remained continuously used in South Asia since Harappan times? / Terracotta What kinds of objects were commonly made from terracotta? / Sculpture, pottery, toys, and ornaments What are Yakshas and Yakshis? / Nature spirits associated with fertility and prosperity What issue exists with dating Mauryan sculptures? / Many sculptures are difficult to date accurately What do Mauryan male statues resemble stylistically? / Wood carving traditions What architectural tradition began with rock-cut caves? / The long tradition of rock-cut architecture in South Asia What inspired early rock-cut caves? / Persian cave traditions and wooden architecture What was special about the Sanchi Stupa during the Shunga period? / Decorative yakshi carvings and mature relief work were added What were yakshis associated with? / Fertility and nature worship What artistic style characterized Shunga reliefs? / Shallow relief inspired by wood carving What are Jataka tales? / Stories about the previous lives of the Buddha What symbols represented Buddha before his human image appeared? / Wheels, Bodhi trees, footprints, and empty thrones What does the term “Early Classic” describe? / The artistic maturity of Shunga and Andh

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