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Module 7: Launching the Nation Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: What were the key precedents set by George Washington? • Answer: Washington established the Cabinet (a group of advisors like Jefferson and Hamilton), the tradition of serving only two terms, and the policy of Neutrality to keep the U.S. out of foreign wars. • Question: What was the significance of the Whiskey Rebellion? • Answer: When farmers rebelled against a tax on whiskey, Washington sent the army to stop them. This proved the new federal government was strong enough to enforce its laws. • Question: Explain the difference between Loose and Strict Construction. • Answer: Hamilton (Loose) believed the government could do things not explicitly written in the Constitution if they were "necessary." Jefferson (Strict) believed the government should only do exactly what the Constitution says. Module 8: War and Expansion Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: What were the primary causes of the War of 1812? • Answer: The main causes were Impressment (Britain kidnapping American sailors), British interference with American trade, and Britain giving weapons to Native Americans to attack settlers. • Question: What did the Louisiana Purchase do for the United States? • Answer: Purchased in 1803 from France for $15 million, it doubled the size of the nation and gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River. • Question: What is the Monroe Doctrine? • Answer: A foreign policy statement in 1823 warning European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere and stop colonizing the Americas. Module 9: A New National Identity Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: What was Henry Clay’s "American System"? • Answer: A plan to unite the country’s economy using a National Bank, high protective tariffs (taxes on imports), and "internal improvements" like new roads and the Erie Canal. • Question: How did the Missouri Compromise resolve sectional tensions? • Answer: It kept the balance between slave and free states by making Missouri a slave state and Maine a free state, while banning slavery north of the 36°30' line. Module 10: Jacksonian Democracy Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: How did voting rights change during the Jacksonian Era? • Answer: Many states removed the requirement that voters must own property, allowing almost all white men to vote for the first time. • Question: What happened during the Nullification Crisis? • Answer: South Carolina tried to "nullify" (cancel) a federal tax. President Jackson threatened to send the army to enforce the law, proving federal power is supreme over state power. • Question: What was the Trail of Tears? • Answer: The forced 800-mile march of the Cherokee nation to Oklahoma. Thousands died from cold, hunger, and disease. Module 11: Westward Expansion Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: What does "Manifest Destiny" mean? • Answer: The popular 19th-century belief that the United States was destined by God to expand its territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean. • Question: What was the purpose of the Homestead Act of 1862? • Answer: It encouraged people to move West by giving 160 acres of free land to any settler who lived on it and farmed it for five years. • Question: What was the goal of the Populist Party? • Answer: A political party formed by farmers to fight against high railroad prices and bank debt. They wanted "free silver" to put more money into the economy. What to Focus on for the Exam: According to your study guide, the final exam is 120 minutes long and includes Primary Source Analysis, Map Interpretation, and a 25-minute Evidence-Based Essay. Study Tip: Focus on Cause and Effect (why things happened). For example, don't just remember "The War of 1812"—remember that the cause was impressment and the effect was a huge rise in American pride (Nationalism). Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: What were the key precedents set by George Washington? • Answer: Washington established the Cabinet (a group of advisors like Jefferson and Hamilton), the tradition of serving only two terms, and the policy of Neutrality to keep the U.S. out of foreign wars. • Question: What was the significance of the Whiskey Rebellion? • Answer: When farmers rebelled against a tax on whiskey, Washington sent the army to stop them. This proved the new federal government was strong enough to enforce its laws. • Question: Explain the difference between Loose and Strict Construction. • Answer: Hamilton (Loose) believed the government could do things not explicitly written in the Constitution if they were "necessary." Jefferson (Strict) believed the government should only do exactly what the Constitution says. Module 8: War and Expansion Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: What were the primary causes of the War of 1812? • Answer: The main causes were Impressment (Britain kidnapping American sailors), British interference with American trade, and Britain giving weapons to Native Americans to attack settlers. • Question: What did the Louisiana Purchase do for the United States? • Answer: Purchased in 1803 from France for $15 million, it doubled the size of the nation and gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River. • Question: What is the Monroe Doctrine? • Answer: A foreign policy statement in 1823 warning European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere and stop colonizing the Americas. Module 9: A New National Identity Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: What was Henry Clay’s "American System"? • Answer: A plan to unite the country’s economy using a National Bank, high protective tariffs (taxes on imports), and "internal improvements" like new roads and the Erie Canal. • Question: How did the Missouri Compromise resolve sectional tensions? • Answer: It kept the balance between slave and free states by making Missouri a slave state and Maine a free state, while banning slavery north of the 36°30' line. Module 10: Jacksonian Democracy Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: How did voting rights change during the Jacksonian Era? • Answer: Many states removed the requirement that voters must own property, allowing almost all white men to vote for the first time. • Question: What happened during the Nullification Crisis? • Answer: South Carolina tried to "nullify" (cancel) a federal tax. President Jackson threatened to send the army to enforce the law, proving federal power is supreme over state power. • Question: What was the Trail of Tears? • Answer: The forced 800-mile march of the Cherokee nation to Oklahoma. Thousands died from cold, hunger, and disease. Module 11: Westward Expansion Study Guide Questions & Answers: • Question: What does "Manifest Destiny" mean? • Answer: The popular 19th-century belief that the United States was destined by God to expand its territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean. • Question: What was the purpose of the Homestead Act of 1862? • Answer: It encouraged people to move West by giving 160 acres of free land to any settler who lived on it and farmed it for five years. • Question: What was the goal of the Populist Party? • Answer: A political party formed by farmers to fight against high railroad prices and bank debt. They wanted "free silver" to put more money into the economy. What to Focus on for the Exam: According to your study guide, the final exam is 120 minutes long and includes Primary Source Analysis, Map Interpretation, and a 25-minute Evidence-Based Essay. Study Tip: Focus on Cause and Effect (why things happened). For example, don't just remember "The War of 1812"—remember that the cause was impressment and the effect was a huge rise in American pride (Nationalism)

Confederacy (CSA) :: Formed in February 1861 by 11 Southern states after secession; capital was Richmond; fought to protect slavery and states’ rights. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861) :: Lincoln said secession was illegal, promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, and aimed to preserve the Union peacefully. Border States :: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware; slave states that stayed in the Union and were strategically important. North vs South (1861) :: North had ~22 million people, industry, and factories; South had ~9 million people and relied on agriculture and slavery. Conscription (1862 CSA / 1863 USA) :: First national draft in U.S. history used when volunteer numbers dropped. Substitution :: Allowed wealthy men to pay others to fight in their place during the draft. Habeas Corpus Suspension (1861–1863) :: Lincoln suspended legal protection requiring trial before imprisonment during wartime. Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan) :: Naval blockade of Southern ports (1861–1865) that cut off trade and weakened Confederacy. Industrial Advantage :: North had ~90% of factories and weapons production compared to the South. Railroads :: North had far more railroads (~22,000 miles vs ~9,000), allowing faster troop movement. Revenue Act of 1862 :: First federal income tax used to fund the Civil War. Greenbacks (1862) :: Union paper money not backed by gold; caused moderate inflation. Greybacks :: Confederate money that became nearly worthless due to inflation. Jay Cooke :: Banker who sold large amounts of Union war bonds. Cotton Diplomacy :: Confederate strategy expecting Britain and France to support them due to cotton dependence. Trent Affair (1861) :: U.S. captured Confederate diplomats from a British ship, nearly causing war with Britain. Ironclads (1862) :: Armored warships (USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia) that changed naval warfare. Robert E. Lee :: Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Ulysses S. Grant :: Union general who led successful campaigns like Vicksburg and Appomattox. William T. Sherman :: Union general known for “March to the Sea” and total war tactics. Scorched Earth Policy :: Strategy of destroying enemy supplies, railroads, and farmland. Scott’s Anaconda Plan :: Union strategy to blockade South and split it along the Mississippi River. Telegraph :: Communication system that allowed fast military messaging during war. Appomattox Court House (1865) :: Location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Enrollment Act of 1863 :: Union draft law allowing substitutions; caused protests in Northern cities. New York Draft Riots (1863) :: Violent protests against the draft; over 100 killed. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states still in rebellion. Copperheads :: Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted peace with the South. Merryman Case (1861) :: Challenged Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Vallandigham Case (1863) :: Anti-war politician arrested and exiled for criticizing Lincoln. Milligan Case (1866) :: Supreme Court ruled civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts are open. Election of 1864 :: Lincoln (National Union Party) defeated McClellan; voters chose continuation of war. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) :: Government agency helping freed slaves with food, jobs, and education. 10% Plan (1863) :: Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan allowing Southern states back after 10% loyalty oath. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) :: Radical Republican plan requiring majority loyalty oath; Lincoln vetoed it. 13th Amendment (1865) :: Abolished slavery in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1866 :: Gave citizenship and equal rights to all born in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) :: Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) :: Gave Black men the right to vote. Andrew Johnson :: President after Lincoln; opposed Radical Republicans and favored lenient Reconstruction. Radical Republicans :: Group led by Thaddeus Stevens that wanted strict Reconstruction and Black rights. Military Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) :: Divided South into military districts controlled by Union Army. Tenure of Office Act (1867) :: Required Senate approval to remove cabinet officials. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) :: First presidential impeachment; he was not removed from office. Black Codes (1865–1866) :: Southern laws restricting freedom and labor of freed African Americans. Sharecropping :: Farming system where workers gave a share of crops for land use, often causing debt. Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South after the war for opportunity. Scalawags :: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction governments. Ku Klux Klan (KKK, 1865) :: White supremacist group using violence and terror against Black Americans. Colfax Massacre (1873) :: Over 100 Black Americans killed during election violence in Louisiana. Mississippi Plan (1875) :: Use of violence and intimidation to regain white Democratic control. Force Acts (1870–71) :: Federal laws used to stop KKK violence and protect Black voters. Jim Crow Laws :: Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Civil Rights Act of 1875 :: Banned segregation in public places; later weakened by courts. Election of 1876 :: Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden. Compromise of 1877 :: Hayes becomes president; federal troops leave South, ending Reconstruction. Redeemers :: Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction. Bourbon Democrats :: Conservative Southern Democrats supporting segregation and limited government. Juneteenth (1865) :: June 19, 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were free