Plate boundaries

Planetary boundaries

Personal boundaries

LO3: THERMOCHEMISTRY: BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY AND PROPERTIES OF THE BOUNDARY

(Q1) communication/boundaries

8-26-26 The Solar System By studying the geology, climatology (weather) and hydrology (water) of the other planets and moons and comparing them to those that we see on Earth, scientists can gain a better understanding of how these systems work in general, not just here. What we look for Geology: Volcanos, faults, earthquakes, mountains, and Plate tectonics Climatology: Clouds, weather, seasons, climate changes   Hydrology: Oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwork   Terrestrial Planets There are 4  which are Mercury, Venus, earth, and Mars. They all are largely composed of rocks and metals and they have layered interiors  Mercury - Closest to the Sun GEOLOGY: Mercury is almost entirely dead but once had active volcanoes. It is the smallest planet and lost most of its internal heat long ago. Today, it is covered with craters. WATER: It has no liquid surface water. ATMOSPHERE: It has an extremely thin and insignificant atmosphere. Venus (2nd Planet) GEOLOGY: Venus has many active volcanoes (confirmed in 2023) and is probably seismically active. It may have some form of plate tectonics. WATER: None ATMOSPHERE: A uniformly hot (867 °F), dense atmosphere composed of 96% carbon dioxide and highly corrosive sulfuric acid rain. The Moon GEOLOGY: The Moon was volcanically active in the distant past but is almost completely dead now. Only minor releases of gas and some small "lunarquakes" still occur. WATER: No liquid surface water, but ice exists in some polar craters. ATMOSPHERE: No significant atmosphere. If it were not orbiting around Earth itself is would be considered at Planet  Mars (4th Planet) GEOLOGY: Mars is almost completely dead, but some volcanic activity may still be possible. Mars has the solar system's largest volcanoes, somewhat similar in type to those in Hawaii. NASA's InSight lander detected marsquakes. Scientists used them to examine the planet's interior structure. WATER: Mars has no liquid surface water today but had rivers and a shallow ocean in the past. Vast amounts of subsurface water still exist. Mars also has polar ice caps. ATMOSPHERE: It has a very thin atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide. Seasonal planet-wide dust storms are common. Gas Giant Planets There are 2 gas giant planets in our solar system: Jupiter and Saturn. They are largely composed of the gases hydrogen and helium, with small rocky interiors. Gas giants do not have geology or oceans in the way we know them on Earth. 8-28-26 Jupiter - the Largest Planet ATMOSPHERE: Jupiter has high velocity winds and massive rotating weather systems, such as the Great Red Spot. Which are in the southern hemisphere, and storms in the northern hemisphere.  Although they appear similar to hurricanes (Low pressure systems), many of Jupiter's "storms" are anticyclones (high pressure). Jupiter's Moons The only geological features to be found in the region are on a few of Jupiter's moons: Io -The most volcanically active object in the solar system, with several active lava flows and lava lakes photographed and multiple eruptions recorded. Europa - Has a liquid ocean beneath a thick layer of ice. It also has some kind of geologic activity, similar to ice-based plate tectonics. Both the European Space Agency and NASA are sending missions to examine the moon in detail. Saturn - the Ringed Planet ATMOSPHERE: Generally similar to Jupiter MOONS: Titan - the only moon with a significant atmosphere (mostly nitrogen) and weather. It has clouds and rainfall based on methane (natural gas). Methane rivers flow across its surface, and methane lakes are found in polar regions. Enceladus - like Jupiter's moon Europa, it is believed to have an ice-covered ocean. A type of water-based volcanism (geysers) is active. Water has been seen erupting out of long fractures with enough energy to be ejected into space. Ice Giant Planets There are 2 ice giant planets in our solar system: Uranus and Neptune. Similar to gas giants, they have large amounts of hydrogen and helium in their atmospheres but have large mantles of ices above their small rocky cores. They are both relatively large and lack geology or oceans Uranus ATMOSPHERE: Similar to the gas giant planets, it has very high winds. MOONS: Miranda - a geologically complex satellite with one of the highest cliffs (over 3 miles) in the solar system. Neptune ATMOSPHERE: Similar to Uranus, but warmer even though it is farther from the Sun. MOONS: Triton - despite being extremely cold, it has active nitrogen geysers. Pluto - A Dwarf Planet Pluto has an atmosphere containing nitrogen, methane, ammonia, etc. It may freeze to the surface when it is far from the Sun. NASA's New Horizons mission examined the planet, finding active nitrogen glaciers and evidence of other recent geologic activity. 8-31-26 The Sun and the Earth  The Sun is very significant to life on Earth and the processes that affect it. It is the major source of Earth's surface heat, and its gravity has a significant influence on tides. However, the relationship between our planet and the Sun changes over time, so the Sun's energy output. The Suns Influence  Most weather systems and storms on Earth require heat energy to function. The majority of that comes from the Sun. Areas with more direct sunlight usually have more significant weather events - hurricanes in the tropics, tornadoes in mid-latitudes. Water heated by the sun plays a major role in regional weather and global climate  Heat, Weather and Climate Solar radiation plays the dominant role in Earth's weather and climate. Geologic heat (volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics) and heat from human activities often plays a more limited, but still significant, role. Any changes in the relationship of the Earth and Sun will influence weather and climate. This could be on a daily, yearly or even longer cycle. The Sun's Influence The Earth is closer to the Sun in January than it is in July (by about 3 million miles). So why is winter cold? The change in distance is not a major factor on a yearly basis. However, it does play a role over longer time periods when the situation is reversed (we are then closer in July). Long term climate can be significantly affected. Seasonal Influence The tilt of the Earth's axis is the primary cause of our seasons  Winter is cold because the Earth is tilted away from the sun, receiving less heat energy and days are shorter. Summer is warmer because the Earth is tilted towards the sun and days are longer. Regions near the equator have no significant seasons  The Sun and the Earth Longer term variations have also been linked to the Sun. One example is The Little Ice Age (~15th to 19th centuries). This occurred during a period of lower-than-normal solar activity. It's a bit more complex than that, however. Volcanic activity almost certainly played a large part in this climatic event as well, possibly acting as a trigger to start it. Changing Earth/Sun Relationships To make things even more complicated, Earth's orbit around the Sun and the tilt of Earth's axis change over time. This is widely believed to have a major influence on long-term global climate. Fortunately, these occur over very long periods of time and are of no significant concern In the near future 9-2-26 Near Earth Objects Asteroids and Comets that can closely Approach the Earth  On Oct. 15th, asteroid 2022 UP6 may pass Earth at a difference of less than 105,000 miles, closer than the Moon( (239,000) Impacts It was once thought that impact events were not significant on Earth, either now or in the past. That changed in the late 20th century. A large impact has recently been linked to massive global climate change that may have ended Earth's first ice age. Another impact may have triggered an ice age and a mass extinction event. Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) NEOs are asteroids or comets with orbits that either cross or closely approach the Earth. Most are small asteroids. There may be thousands of them in our solar system with diameters of 1 kilometer or more. A collision with an object that size would cause severe changes to our planet's climates. Significant impacts occur, on average, about once a century. Smaller ones have caused property damage and occasional injuries every few years. Scientists have discovered over 42,000 NEOs so far, but most are very small. Only a few are considered (extremely slight) impact risks. The Chelyabinsk Meteor On February 15, 2013, a meteorite over 60 feet in diameter and over 10,000 tons exploded over the Ural Mountains in Russia. The impact shock wave injured over 1500 people. NEOs: Asteroids (NEAS) Since most are small, it has been difficult to detect most of them until very recently. They can be composed of rock, metals or both. We now know that many asteroids are not very solid. They resemble large gravel piles held weakly together by gravity. Others are more metallic, made of iron and nickel. NEOs: Comets (NECs) They often travel at higher velocities than asteroids as they approach Earth's orbit. Comets are very similar to most asteroids except they contain much more ice. Although far fewer in number, they are easier to detect than asteroids because of their brightness as the ice vaporizes due to solar heating. NEC Impact A collision with a comet would not be much different than one involving most asteroids. Collisions are mainly about mass and velocity. A large comet could be more deadly than a large asteroid, if it hit with a higher velocity. NEOs: Impacts In late 2021, NASA launched the DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) mission to the asteroid Didymos to impact with its small moon Dimorphos in late September 2022. It was overwhelmingly successful - the impact changed the orbit of Dimorphos, demonstrating that NEOs can be redirected into safer orbits. Throughout the solar system, we can see examples of collisions between planets (and their moons) and asteroids/comets. The Moon is heavily cratered due to ancient impact events. So are most of the moons of every planet we have photographed. Mars and Mercury have many large craters. 9-4-26  Craters on Earth Once thought to be rare, scientists have now discovered over 194 confirmed impact craters on Earth. The vast majority don't look like the Moon's craters, however. Erosion and other surface processes on Earth have buried or deformed most of our craters. Barringer Crater in Arizona formed from an object about 150 feet in diameter. An Ancient Impact in Ohio In southern Ohio, the remains of an ancient impact crater are located beneath Serpent Mound. The heavily eroded crater is about 5 miles in diameter. 20th Century Impact In 1908, a comet exploded as it disintegrated over Tunguska, Siberia. Forests were destroyed over an area of 810 square miles, but no crater was left behind. This type of "impact" may be fairly common. It is estimated that if the impact would have occurred a few hours later, Moscow might have been destroyed. Importance of Plate Tectonics The process of plate tectonics reshapes the Earth's surface over time and is the key to our understanding of:  Earthquakes, tsunami, volcanoes Formation of major mountain ranges Formation and evolution of ocean basins Plate Tectonics and Earth's Interior Structure Unlike the earlier theory of continental drift, which only dealt with moving pieces of continental crust, plate tectonics involves the oceans as well. It also includes layers deeper in the Earth's interior- the lithosphere and the mantle. Earth's Structure CRUST: Oceanic Crust - relatively thin, composed of basalt (a volcanic rock) Continental Crust- thicker, made of granite. Basalt is denser than granite - this is very important in plate tectonic activity. Deeper Earth Structure MANTLE: The mantle is separated from the crust by a boundary layer. The rocks in this layer are solid, but due to high temperatures and pressures, they flow very slowly. The Earth's Core OUTER CORE: The outer core is molten (liquid) and largely made of iron and nickel. The Earth's magnetic field originates here. INNER CORE: The inner core is solid due to very high pressures. It is also mostly made of iron and nickel. The Earth's Interior: Other Layers The Lithosphere: The crust and uppermost part of the mantle Rocks in this layer are solid and brittle It is broken into pieces called plates The Asthenosphere: Part of the mantle below the lithosphere Rocks here are solid, but can flow slowly Plate Tectonics - The Basics Most of the large plates are named after the continents that they contain. The majority of the Pacific Ocean is also on one plate. Smaller plates are just as important as large ones- they are responsible for many earthquakes and volcanoes, such as those in Washington, Oregon and northern California. Plate Tectonics Plates are made of oceanic lithosphere (basalt), continental lithosphere (granite) or both. As the plates move, they interact with each other. This causes most of the world's large earthquakes, mountain ranges and major volcanoes. Geologic activity is generally found at or near plate boundaries. Divergent Plate Boundaries Plates separate & move away from each other. New plate material (oceanic lithosphere) is created as molten material fills in the rift. Most are located in the oceans (central Atlantic, caster Pacific, etc.), but some are on land (east Africa, Iceland). Location of Earthquakes and Volcanos The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Although it is mostly underwater, there are several islands located on top of it, such as Iceland and the Azores. The average spreading rate is about 1 inch per year. MAIN POINTS: New oceanic plate material is created. Small earthquakes are common, large ones are rare. Volcanic activity is common. Convergent Plate Boundaries Plates collide with each other. Plate material may be destroyed by subduction (if oceanic lithosphere is involved). Continental lithosphere does not subduct. The type of geologic activity depends upon what kind of lithosphere is involved Ocean-Ocean Convergent  One of the ocean floor plates is subducted. Volcanic activity creates island-arcs on the surviving plate. Earthquakes are common and may be large. Examples – Japan, Indonesia, Aleutian Islands Ocean continent convergent  The ocean floor plate is subducted, the continental plate is not. Volcanoes form on the edge of the continent. Earthquakes may be common and are potentially very large. Examples – west coasts of North and South America Continent Continent Convergent  Neither plate is subducted. Significant volcanic activity is unlikely. Earthquakes are relatively common and are potentially very large. Major mountain ranges are created. Examples – Himalaya Mts. and the Alps MAIN POINTS: Oceanic plate material is destroyed. Continental plate material isn’t subducted. Earthquakes of all sizes can occur. Volcanic activity is common if ocean floor is involved, but not at continent-continent boundaries. Transform Plate Boundaries Plates “slide” past each other. No new plate material is created, no old plate material is destroyed.  Most are found on the ocean floor, but some are on land – The San Andreas Fault. Volcanoes do not tend to form here. Motion along a transform plate boundary is not always smooth or continuous. Bends in the boundary can cause some sections to lock-up for long periods. This occurs near Los Angeles. Their last major earthquake was in 1857. Unlike the other plate boundaries which are created by movements of the asthenosphere, these mainly exist to connect divergent and/or convergent boundaries to one another. Despite their lack of volcanism, hot water (hydrothermal) systems are common and are major sites of exotic ecosystems. MAIN POINTS: Oceanic plate material is neither created nor destroyed. Earthquakes of all sizes can occur, but extremely large ones are not common. Significant volcanic activity is not likely. THINGS TO REMEMBER  Divergent activity creates new ocean floor material. Convergent activity destroys old ocean floor material. Transform activity does not create or destroy plate material, it just moves it to new locations. OTHER PLANETS AND MOONS: Know the geology, oceans and atmospheric conditions of the other planets (and their notable moons), types of planets. NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS (NEOs): Asteroids and comets; impacts of NEOs;     ancient impacts on Earth PLATE TECTONICS: The layers of the Earth – their composition and properties. What is significant about each layer. Earlier versions of the theory (Continental Drift, etc.) and how they differ from plate tectonics. PLATE TECTONICS: Types of plate boundaries – geologic activity (volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.), what kind of motion occurs (separation, collision, etc.), creation and    destruction of ocean floors.

Micro303+lecture+3+boundaries+F2026

Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes Body Membranes Functions of body membranes Cover body surfaces Line body cavities Form protective sheets around organs Classified according to tissue types Body Membranes Two major categories Epithelial membranes Cutaneous membranes Mucous membranes Serous membranes Connective tissue membranes Synovial membranes Epithelial Membranes Epithelial membranes are simple organs Also called covering and lining membranes These membranes contain both: Epithelial tissue layer Connective tissue layer Epithelial Membranes Cutaneous membrane = skin Dry membrane Outermost protective boundary Consists of two layers Epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue Epithelial Membranes • Mucous membranes (mucosae) • I Moist membranes Some mucosae secrete protective, lubricating mucus Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface • Adapted for absorption or secretion • ' Consists of two layers • Epithelium type depends on site • Loose connective tissue (lamina propria) Epithelial Membranes Serous membranes (serosae) Line compartments in the ventral body cavity that are ciosed to the exterior of the body Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a visceral and parietal layer Consists of two layers Simple squamous epithelium Areolar connective tissue Epithelial Membranes Specific serous membranes Peritoneum Cover organs in the abdominal cavity Pleurae Surround the lungs Pericardia Surround the heart Connective Tissue Membranes Synovial membranes Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue) Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints Line bursae Line tendon sheaths Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity Integumentary System Integumentary system consists of the: Skin (cutaneous membrane) Skin appendages Sweat glands Oil glands Hair Nails Functions of the Integumentary System Insulates and cushion deeper body organs Protects the entire body from: Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts) Chemical damage (acids and bases) Thermal damage (heat or cold) Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight) Microbes (bacteria) • Water loss Functions of the Integumentary System Regulates heat loss as controlled by the nervous system Acts as a mini-excretory system; sweat aids in the loss of Urea Salts Water Synthesizes vitamin D Secretions create a protective acid mantle Structure of the Skin Two kinds of tissue compose the skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) Anchors the skin to underlying organs Not technically part of the integumentary system Composed mostly of adipose tissue Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues Structure of the Skin Epidermisouter layer Composed of stratified squamous epithelium Most cells are keratinocytes which produce a fibrous protein called keratin Keratinization makes the epidermis tough Desmosomes connect keratinocytes together Avascular Composed of five layers (strata) Structure of the Skin Summary of strata (layers) of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) Stratum corneum Structure of the Skin Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) Deepest layer of epidermis Lies next to dermis Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together Cells undergoing mitosis Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers Stratum spinosum Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized Structure of the Skin Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet Stratum corneum Outermost layer of epidermis Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents wat loss from skin Structure of the Skin Melanin Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis Color is yellow to brown to black Structure of the Skin Epidermal dendritic cells Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion) Merkel cells Associated with sensory nerve endings Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs Structure of the Skin Dermis Connective tissue Underlies the epidermis Two regions Papillary Reticular Structure of the Skin Two regions of the dermis Papillary layer (upper dermal region) contain projections called dermal papillae Areolar connective tissue Indent the epidermis above Many projections contain capillary loops, and others house pain and touch receptors On palm and sole surfaces, papillae increase friction and gripping ability Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat Structure of the Skin Two regions of the dermis Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) Dense irregular connective tissue Blood vessels Sweat and oil glands Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles) Structure of the Skin Other dermal features Cutaneous sensory receptors Phagocytes Collagen and elastic fibers Blood vessels I Nerve supply Skin Color • Three pigments contribute to skin color 1. Melanin • Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments 2. Carotene • Orange-yellow pigment (also found in some vegetables) 3. Hemoglobin Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring Skin Color Redness (erythema) due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy Pallor (blanching) due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area Jaundice (yellow cast)-indicates a liver disorder • Bruises (black and blue marks)-hematomas Appendages of the Skin Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Hair and hair follicles Nails Appendages of the Skin Sebaceous (oil) glands Located all over the skin except for palms and soles Produce sebum (oil) Makes skin soft and moist Prevents hair from becoming brittle Kills bacteria Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface Glands are activated at puberty with increased androgens Appendages of the Skin Sweat (sudoriferous) glands Produce sweat Widely distributed in skin Two types of sudoriferous glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Appendages of the Skin Eccrine glands More numerous, located all over the body Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin's surface Produce acidic sweat Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste Function in body temperature regulation Appendages of the Skin Apocrine glands Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals Begin to function at puberty Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color) • Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation Appendages of the Skin Hair Located body-wide except for palms, soles, nipples, lips Produced by hair follicle Root is enclosed in the follicle Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale Appendages of the Skin Hair anatomy Central medulla Cortex surrounds medulla Cuticle on outside of cortex Most heavily keratinized region of the hair Melanin provides color Appendages of the Skin Associated hair structures Hair follicle Composed of an inner epithelial root sheath andan outer fibrous sheath Dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb (deepest part of the follicle) Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened Appendages of the Skin Nails Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed, which is responsible for growth Lack of pigment makes nails colorless Appendages of the Skin Parts of a nail Free edge Body is the visible attached portion Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the edges of the nail; the cuticle is the proximal edge Root of nail is embedded in skin Growth of the nail occurs from nail matrix of nail bed Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Infections and allergies Athlete's foot Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis) Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles Caused by inflammation of hair follicles Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by bacteria Cold sores (fever blisters) Caused by human herpesvirus 1 Blisters itch and sting Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Infections and allergies Contact dermatitis Caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin Impetigo Caused by bacterial infection Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose Psoriasis Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, Crack, or sometimes bleed Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin • Burns Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals Associated dangers Protein denaturation and cell death Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance Circulatory shock Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Extent of a burn is estimated using the rule of nines Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation Each area represents about 9 percent of total body surface area The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin . First-degree burn (superficial burn) Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen Second-degree burn (superficial partial-thickness burn) Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged Skin is red, painful, and blistered Regrowth of the epithelium can occur Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) Appears dry and leathery Requires surgery and grafting May require amputation Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Criteria for deeming burns critical (if any one is met): Over 30 percent of body has second-degree burns Over 10 percent of the body has third-or fourth-degree burns Third-or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals Burns affect the airways Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have occurred Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Skin cancer Most common form of cancer in humans Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (V) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds Cancer can be classified two ways Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas Concept Link Recall that mitosis gone wild is the basis for cancer (Chapter 3, pp. 82-83). These cells lack normal control of cell division and divide quickly, resulting in errors during DNA replication, mitosis, or both. Cells experiencing rapid, uncontrolled growth become cancerous and can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin . First-degree burn (superficial burn) Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen Second-degree burn (superficial partial-thickness burn) Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged Skin is red, painful, and blistered Regrowth of the epithelium can occur Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn) Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) Appears dry and leathery Requires surgery and grafting May require amputation Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Criteria for deeming burns critical (if any one is met): Over 30 percent of body has second-degree burns Over 10 percent of the body has third-or fourth-degree burns Third-or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals Burns affect the airways Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have occurred Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Skin cancer Most common form of cancer in humans Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (V) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds Cancer can be classified two ways Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas Concept Link Recall that mitosis gone wild is the basis for cancer (Chapter 3, pp. 82-83). These cells lack normal control of cell division and divide quickly, resulting in errors during DNA • One or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes Lanugo, a downy hair, covers the body by the fifth or sixth month of fetal development but disappears by birth Vernix caseosa, an oily covering, is apparent at birth Milia, small white spots, are common at birth and disappear by the third week Acne may appear during adolescence Pimples, scales, and dermatitis are more common with aging skin Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes In youth, skin is thick, resilient, and well hydrated With aging, skin loses elasticity and thins Skin cancer is a major threat to skin exposed to excessive sunlight Balding (alopecia) and/or graying occurs with aging; both are genetically determined other factors that may contribute include drugs and emotional stress

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SUICIDE&CO — CLIENT CARE COORDINATOR 10 highest-probability interview questions ⸻ 1. “Tell us a little about yourself and why you’re interested in this role.” Your answer “I currently volunteer as an Independent Community Advocate with Rethink Mental Illness, supporting adults who may be experiencing mental health difficulties and other challenging circumstances. A lot of my work involves being that consistent point of contact for somebody. I speak with clients by phone, text and email, listen to what they need, help them understand information and their options, and liaise with professionals or other services where appropriate. There’s also quite a strong administrative side to what I do. I manage my own casework and follow-ups, maintain advocacy plans and contact records on Hive CRM, and make sure sensitive information is recorded accurately and confidentially. Before that, I worked in welfare support at Goldsmiths, and my security background also taught me how to stay calm and communicate professionally when someone is distressed or a situation becomes challenging. What attracted me to Suicide&Co is that this role brings those different skills together. It’s not just administration and it’s not just client contact. You’re helping somebody through their journey with the service while making sure all the practical things happening behind the scenes are organised properly. I also really connect with the purpose of the charity. Suicide bereavement can be incredibly isolating, and I like the fact that Suicide&Co is trying to make sure people don’t have to navigate that alone.” MEMORY CUE Rethink → clients → casework → calm → Suicide&Co → people + organisation This is probably your most important opening answer. ⸻ 2. “What do you know about Suicide&Co and our services?” This one needs to show that you have actually researched them. Your answer “From my research, Suicide&Co is a national charity specifically supporting people who have been bereaved by suicide. What really stood out to me is the focus on both professional support and opening up conversations around suicide loss, because stigma can make people feel even more isolated. I’ve looked at the different services as well. You provide free one-to-one counselling with qualified counsellors, with up to 12 sessions, and you also have Early Bereavement Support for people within the first six months of their loss, which provides emotional listening and practical signposting. I also noticed how much your language focuses on people being able to grieve in their own way and at their own pace. That matters to me because I don’t think we should assume we know what somebody needs simply because we know what has happened to them. And I’ve understood from the role description that the Client Care team is really central to all of that. You’re often the first person somebody speaks to, but you also stay involved practically through their journey with the service. That’s one of the reasons the role appealed to me. It’s compassionate work, but it also requires organisation, accuracy and reliability.” Suicide&Co currently describes itself as a national charity providing specialist support following suicide bereavement. Its counselling service offers up to 12 free sessions; its Early Bereavement Support covers the first six months and combines emotional listening with practical signposting. MEMORY CUE National → suicide bereavement → conversation → 12 counselling → first 6 months → Client Care ⸻ 3. “What qualities are important when you’re the first point of contact for somebody bereaved by suicide?” They already asked a version of this in your application. Expect it to return in some form. Your answer “For me, the biggest things are empathy, patience, listening properly and reliability. If somebody contacted me following a suicide bereavement, I wouldn’t assume that I understood how they felt. Even two people grieving the same person can experience that loss very differently. I’d give them space to speak and listen to what they’re actually telling me rather than rushing to fill silences or trying to say the perfect thing. I’d also be conscious that I’m representing their first experience of Suicide&Co. So warmth matters, but so does professionalism. If I tell somebody I’ll come back to them, I need to do that. If I don’t know an answer, I’d rather say I’ll check than give them incorrect information. My advocacy work has really taught me that sometimes people don’t need you to take over. They need somebody who is calm, listens properly, explains what’s happening and follows through. I’d want somebody to finish that first conversation feeling that they’d been heard and that they understood what would happen next.” That fits particularly well with Suicide&Co’s own conversation guidance, which emphasises conversation, non-judgemental listening and recognising that suicide-related grief can be difficult to talk about. MEMORY CUE Empathy → don’t assume → listen → warmth + professionalism → next steps ⸻ 4. “Tell us about a time you supported someone who was distressed or finding it difficult to engage.” ⭐ STAR QUESTION Don’t invent a dramatic safeguarding story. Your genuine advocacy experience is enough. S — Situation “In my advocacy work, I’ve supported clients experiencing mental health difficulties who haven’t always found it easy to engage or communicate what they need.” T — Task “My responsibility is to establish communication, understand what the person actually wants from advocacy and support them without putting pressure on them.” A — Action “I start by explaining my role clearly and giving the person space to communicate at their own pace. I use active listening and keep my communication straightforward rather than overwhelming them with lots of information or questions. If they don’t engage immediately, I don’t take that personally. I’ll use the appropriate method of contact, follow up where needed and keep an accurate record on Hive so there’s continuity. I’m also careful about boundaries. I don’t promise an outcome I can’t guarantee and, if something raises a safeguarding concern, I follow the appropriate procedure rather than trying to manage it alone.” R — Result “That approach helps create trust and makes it easier to understand what actually matters to the individual. It’s taught me that consistency is really important. Particularly when somebody has had difficult experiences with services, you can’t demand trust just because you’re there to help. You have to earn it through how you communicate and whether you actually do what you say you’re going to do.” MEMORY CUE Difficult engagement → don’t pressure → listen → follow up → record → trust ⸻ 5. “A client becomes very upset on the phone while discussing their bereavement. What would you do?” This is one of the scenario questions I’d consider very high probability. Your answer “My first response would be to stay calm and give the person space. I wouldn’t panic or immediately try to stop their emotions. I’d listen and acknowledge what they’re telling me without saying that I understand exactly how they feel. I’d also be aware of the limits of my role. As Client Care Coordinator, I wouldn’t try to turn the conversation into counselling. If anything they said made me concerned about their immediate safety or raised a safeguarding concern, I’d follow Suicide&Co’s procedures and seek support from the appropriate manager rather than trying to handle that situation by myself. If there wasn’t an immediate safeguarding issue, I’d establish what they needed from us at that point and explain the next step clearly. Before finishing, I’d make sure they understood what was going to happen next and I’d record any relevant information accurately and sensitively. For me, it’s about being human and compassionate while still maintaining professional boundaries.” MEMORY CUE CALM Calm Acknowledge/listen Limits of role + risk Move to appropriate next step + make record ⸻ 6. “How would you manage several competing priorities at once?” Again, they already assessed this in your application, so be ready for it. Imagine: A distressed client is on the phone, a counsellor needs an urgent response, two clients are waiting to arrange appointments and your manager needs some service data. Your answer “I’d prioritise according to risk, urgency and impact rather than simply doing things in the order they arrived. If I’m already speaking to a distressed client, I’m not going to rush that conversation because an administrative email has appeared. I’d establish whether there was any immediate risk or safeguarding concern and deal with that appropriately first. After that I’d look at what’s genuinely time-sensitive. For example, something preventing a counsellor from supporting a client or an appointment that needs confirming may need attention before routine administration. I use task lists, diary reminders and case records in my current role, and I record actions as I go so information doesn’t get lost when priorities change. I’d also communicate. If several genuinely urgent things happened at once, I wouldn’t quietly struggle and risk making mistakes. I’d speak to my manager or colleagues and agree what needs to come first. Especially in this type of service, being busy isn’t the same as being effective. Accuracy and sensitivity matter.” MEMORY CUE Risk → Urgency → Impact → Record → Communicate ⸻ 7. “Tell us about a time you had to manage sensitive or confidential information.” ⭐ STAR QUESTION S — Situation “In my advocacy role, I regularly handle personal and sensitive information relating to clients’ mental health, circumstances and contact with different services.” T — Task “My responsibility is to make sure that information is handled appropriately while still being able to advocate effectively for the person.” A — Action “I establish what information is relevant and what I’m authorised to share. When liaising with professionals or external services, I’m careful not to disclose information simply because somebody asks for it. I maintain accurate case notes and advocacy records on Hive CRM and keep my recording factual and relevant. I also follow data protection, confidentiality and safeguarding procedures. And if I’m unsure about whether something should be disclosed, I check rather than making an assumption.” R — Result “That means professionals can receive the information they genuinely need while the client’s privacy and trust are protected. It’s made me very conscious that confidentiality isn’t just an administrative requirement. People tell us extremely personal things, and how we handle that information is part of how we earn their trust.” MEMORY CUE Sensitive → permission → relevant → factual record → need-to-know → trust ⸻ 8. “You haven’t used HubSpot before. How would you manage that?” Don’t apologise for this gap. Your answer “I haven’t used HubSpot specifically yet, so I’d be open about that. What I do already have is experience using Hive CRM for client case management. I use it to maintain contact records, advocacy plans, referrals, follow-up actions and outcomes, so I’m already used to the importance of keeping a digital client record accurate and up to date. I also use Microsoft Office, email, online meeting platforms and other digital systems. So the particular software would be new, but the principles behind using it wouldn’t be: accurate information, confidentiality, timely updates and making sure other authorised members of the team can understand what’s happening with a client. I saw that training is provided, and I’d be very comfortable learning HubSpot.” The current advert explicitly says they want confidence with platforms such as HubSpot but that training will be given to the right candidate. MEMORY CUE Not HubSpot yet → Hive → transferable → accurate data → willing to learn ⸻ 9. “Tell us about a time you worked independently while also collaborating with other people.” ⭐ STAR QUESTION S — Situation “In my Independent Community Advocate role, I manage my own casework, but clients may also have healthcare professionals, local services or other organisations involved.” T — Task “My responsibility is to manage my actions independently while making sure communication with other professionals supports what the client actually wants.” A — Action “I keep track of client contact, agreed actions and follow-up dates myself. Where liaison with another professional or service is appropriate, I’m clear about what the client wants me to communicate and what information can be shared. I then contact the relevant service, follow up where necessary and record the action accurately on Hive. I also use supervision and communicate with colleagues when something needs guidance or escalation rather than trying to work outside my role.” R — Result “It allows me to work independently without becoming isolated in my practice. That’s something I’d bring here because I understand this role needs somebody who can take responsibility for their own workload but also work closely with the Client Care Manager, counsellors and the wider team.” MEMORY CUE Own caseload → client wishes → professionals → record → supervision → team ⸻ 10. “Why should we choose you for the Client Care Coordinator role?” This is your closing pitch. Your answer “I think there’s a strong overlap between what you need and what I’m already doing. I’m comfortable communicating with people who may be going through difficult circumstances. I know how to listen without judgement and I don’t assume I know what’s best for somebody. But I’m also organised. I manage casework, follow-ups, confidential records and communication with different professionals, so I understand that good client care depends on what happens behind the scenes as much as the conversation itself. My welfare experience developed that supportive side of me, and my previous security work developed another useful side: remaining calm, professional and able to think clearly when situations become challenging. I also wouldn’t come in believing I know everything about suicide bereavement. It’s a specialist area and I’d want to learn from the training, the Client Care Manager, counsellors and the wider Suicide&Co team. What I would bring from day one is empathy, reliability, good boundaries, organisation and a genuine commitment to treating every person who contacts the service as an individual. I think that’s why this role feels like a natural next step for me.” MEMORY CUE Empathy + organisation + calm + boundaries + learning = me ⸻ 🔥 SCENARIO YOU REALLY NEED TO KNOW I would prepare this even if they don’t ask it exactly this way: “A person calls Suicide&Co. They were bereaved by suicide three months ago and want counselling immediately. What would you do?” A strong answer is: “I’d first listen to them and establish what they’re looking for rather than immediately telling them what they can or can’t access. I’d acknowledge that they’ve taken the step of reaching out and explain the options clearly and sensitively. From my research, I understand that someone can apply for Suicide&Co’s counselling service at any stage, but counselling sessions don’t begin until six months after the bereavement. Because this person is three months bereaved, I’d explain the Early Bereavement Support available during those first six months, which provides emotional listening and practical signposting. I wouldn’t present it as simply turning them away from counselling. I’d help them understand what support is available to them now and what happens with their counselling application. And obviously I’d remain alert to anything in the conversation that raised an immediate safety or safeguarding concern and follow the appropriate procedure.” That is specifically consistent with Suicide&Co’s current policy: applications for counselling can be made at any stage, but sessions don’t begin until six months after the loss; Early Bereavement Support is designed for those first six months. Remember: 3 months = Early Bereavement Support 6+ months = counselling can begin Counselling = up to 12 sessions ⸻ Another possible scenario “A counsellor tells you they urgently need information about a client, but you’re unsure whether you can disclose it. What do you do?” Your structure: Don’t guess → check consent/authority → confidentiality → policy → manager if unsure → only necessary information → record action. Never say: “They’re one of our counsellors, so I’d just send it.” Being part of the organisation does **not automatically mean every piece of client information needs to be shared. ⸻ And another “A client is unhappy with their counsellor and asks you to change them immediately. How would you respond?” “I’d listen first and understand what the concern actually was without becoming defensive or criticising the counsellor. I’d acknowledge the client’s concern and explain what I can do within my role. I wouldn’t promise an immediate outcome before understanding the situation. I’d record the relevant information accurately and follow Suicide&Co’s process, involving the Client Care Manager or appropriate colleague where required. If anything disclosed raised a safeguarding concern, I’d respond according to that procedure. Most importantly, I’d want the client to feel that raising a concern hadn’t damaged their relationship with the service and that what they’d told me was being taken seriously.” Memory: Listen → clarify → don’t blame → don’t promise → manager/process → follow up ⸻ 🧠 KNOW THESE 7 THINGS ABOUT SUICIDE&CO Don’t memorise a corporate speech. Remember these: 1. National suicide-bereavement charity. 2. Launched in 2020. 3. Specialist professional and compassionate support. 4. Up to 12 free counselling sessions. 5. Early Bereavement Support during first six months. 6. Conversation and reducing isolation/stigma are central. 7. Growing charity where Client Care supports clients throughout their journey. Suicide&Co says its impact has grown significantly since its 2020 launch and describes demand as stronger than ever, which also explains why the vacancy stresses adaptability and working in a growing, fast-paced organisation. ⁠Suicide&Co official website ⸻ Your 3 questions for the interviewers Don’t ask all three if they’ve already answered one. Question 1 — strongest “What would excellent performance look like for the person coming into the Client Care Coordinator role in their first three to six months?” Excellent because you’re asking about success, not just benefits. Question 2 — very specific to their growth “I noticed Suicide&Co is growing and developing its services. What are the biggest priorities or challenges for the Client Care team as that demand grows?” That shows you’ve researched them. Their careers page explicitly describes Suicide&Co as a young, growing charity with high demand and continually developing operations. Question 3 — excellent development question “What training and support would I receive around suicide bereavement and the situations that come through the Client Care team?” This acknowledges that you’re bringing transferable experience while respecting that suicide bereavement is specialist work. ⸻ ⭐ Your interview strategy Because this is only 30 minutes, don’t memorise these answers word-for-word. Learn the memory cues. When they ask a competency question: STAR Situation — What was happening? Task — What did I need to do? Action — What did I actually do? Result — What changed/what did I learn? For hypothetical client scenarios: CALM Calm and listen Acknowledge the individual Limits, risk, safeguarding and boundaries Move to the right next step and make an accurate record And there is one sentence I’d like you to keep in your head throughout the interview: “Warm with the person, accurate with the process.” That’s essentially this job. Your CV demonstrates the process side: Hive CRM, casework, follow-ups, confidentiality, safeguarding, professional liaison and organisation. Your advocacy and welfare experience demonstrate the human side: listening, empathy, non-judgemental communication, supporting people in difficult circumstances and helping them navigate services. That combination is the strongest case for you in this interview. And I would not try to imitate somebody who is already an expert in suicide bereavement. Suicide&Co’s own current Client Care profiles include people bringing different combinations of mental-health experience, charity experience and lived/professional experience. What matters is showing that you can bring strong transferable skills while being willing to learn their specialist approach. If you want, I can next turn these exact 10 questions + the scenarios into your Knowt copy-and-paste format, with short flashcard answers, memory cues and a separate one-page interview cheat sheet for 10 September.

Architectural Boundaries