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Mid-ocean ridges
Magma rises up and creates new crust, old crust is pushed to the side.
Youngest rock
The youngest rock is at the center of the ridge, while the oldest rock is farthest from the ridge.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Lithospheric plates (the crust and upper mantle) move around and interact with each other.
Convergent boundary
Plates moving toward each other.
Divergent boundary
Plates moving away from each other.
Transform boundary
Plates sliding past each other.
New crust formation
New crust is formed at the divergent boundary (ridge) while older crust is destroyed in the subduction zone.
Subduction
Occurs because one tectonic plate (oceanic) is more dense than the other tectonic plate (continental).
Seafloor spreading
Magma rises up at the ridge and pushes the existing seafloor (older rock) to the sides, providing evidence for plate tectonics.
Evidence for seafloor spreading
Includes the normal and reversed polarity seen in rocks that make up the oceanic crust, and GPS.
Spreading Rate
R = D / T (usually expressed in cm/year).
Plate interactions
The interactions between tectonic plates that can lead to geological events.
Plate boundaries
The edges where two tectonic plates meet, which can be divergent, convergent, or transform.
Ridges
Underwater mountain ranges formed by plate tectonics, often associated with divergent boundaries.
Trenches
Deep underwater valleys formed at convergent plate boundaries where one plate subducts beneath another.
Overriding
The process where one tectonic plate moves over another during subduction.
Tsunami
A large wave that can devastate a coastal region, typically caused by an underwater earthquake.
Emergency response for tsunami
Get to higher ground, inland (away from the coast) when a tsunami warning is issued.
Earthquake formation
Earthquakes tend to form relatively quickly after tectonic plates start to interact.
Formation of geological features
Mountains, mountain ranges, volcanic arcs, and new oceans take a much longer time to form.
Graphing
A method that enables us to see patterns or trends, or make predictions.
Direct relationship
A relationship where as one variable increases, the other variable increases.
Indirect/inverse relationship
A relationship where as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
Cyclic relationship
A relationship where as one variable increases, it increases and decreases over and over.
Constant relationship
A relationship where as one variable increases, the other remains the same.
Age of rock and mid-ocean ridge
As distance from the ridge increases, age increases (Direct relationship).
Risk for natural hazards
Locations situated at or near plate boundaries are most at risk for earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.
Hawaiian Islands formation
The Hawaiian Islands form over a hot spot.