Surface Features and Plate Boundaries

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28 Terms

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Mid-ocean ridges

Magma rises up and creates new crust, old crust is pushed to the side.

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Youngest rock

The youngest rock is at the center of the ridge, while the oldest rock is farthest from the ridge.

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Theory of Plate Tectonics

Lithospheric plates (the crust and upper mantle) move around and interact with each other.

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Convergent boundary

Plates moving toward each other.

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Divergent boundary

Plates moving away from each other.

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Transform boundary

Plates sliding past each other.

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New crust formation

New crust is formed at the divergent boundary (ridge) while older crust is destroyed in the subduction zone.

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Subduction

Occurs because one tectonic plate (oceanic) is more dense than the other tectonic plate (continental).

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Seafloor spreading

Magma rises up at the ridge and pushes the existing seafloor (older rock) to the sides, providing evidence for plate tectonics.

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Evidence for seafloor spreading

Includes the normal and reversed polarity seen in rocks that make up the oceanic crust, and GPS.

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Spreading Rate

R = D / T (usually expressed in cm/year).

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Plate interactions

The interactions between tectonic plates that can lead to geological events.

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Plate boundaries

The edges where two tectonic plates meet, which can be divergent, convergent, or transform.

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Ridges

Underwater mountain ranges formed by plate tectonics, often associated with divergent boundaries.

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Trenches

Deep underwater valleys formed at convergent plate boundaries where one plate subducts beneath another.

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Overriding

The process where one tectonic plate moves over another during subduction.

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Tsunami

A large wave that can devastate a coastal region, typically caused by an underwater earthquake.

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Emergency response for tsunami

Get to higher ground, inland (away from the coast) when a tsunami warning is issued.

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Earthquake formation

Earthquakes tend to form relatively quickly after tectonic plates start to interact.

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Formation of geological features

Mountains, mountain ranges, volcanic arcs, and new oceans take a much longer time to form.

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Graphing

A method that enables us to see patterns or trends, or make predictions.

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Direct relationship

A relationship where as one variable increases, the other variable increases.

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Indirect/inverse relationship

A relationship where as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

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Cyclic relationship

A relationship where as one variable increases, it increases and decreases over and over.

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Constant relationship

A relationship where as one variable increases, the other remains the same.

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Age of rock and mid-ocean ridge

As distance from the ridge increases, age increases (Direct relationship).

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Risk for natural hazards

Locations situated at or near plate boundaries are most at risk for earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.

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Hawaiian Islands formation

The Hawaiian Islands form over a hot spot.