Nixon - Foreign Policy

Who was Kissinger

National security advisor, Secretary of state

What steps did Nixon use to improve relations with China

Rapprochement

What issue did Nixon and Kissinger exploit to increase trade with China

Sino-soviet tensions

what did the Chinese do in 1971 that helped lead the way for Nixon to visit

invited the American table tennis team to China

When did Nixon visit China

February 1972

What technique did Nixon use to calm relations with the USSR

Détente

What was the focus of détente

Focus on peaceful negotiations and weapons limitations

When was SALT 1

November 1969 - May 1970

What treaties did the SALT 1 talks produce

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and the Interim Treaty

What did the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty decide

Permanent restrictions on ABMs

What did the Interim Treaty decide

Restrictions of most critical missiles

When does Nixon visit the USSR

May 22nd 1972

What was the ‘Great Grain Robbery’

US loan to USSR allowed Russian grain buyers to buy up to about 25% of total American wheat crop in 1972 at bargain prices

what were the main concerns regarding the Soviets

growing power, stability of Europe, arms race

what did the USA, USSR, Britain, and France sign in 1971

Four-Power agreement where the soviets recognised Western access rights to West Berlin and the west conceded that West Berlin was not part of West Germany

what was the Basic Treaty in 1972

between East and West Germany recognising permanence and validity of each others frontiers

When was Nixon’s campaign of bombing Cambodia

March 1969 - May 1970

What name did Nixon’s bombing of Cambodia have

Operation Menu

What did Operation Menu hope to achieve

Weaken supply routes

What was the ‘Madman theory’

The Nixon administration tried to convince other leaders that Nixon was irrational and volatile in hopes that it would prevent leaders provoking the US

What was Vietnamization

Process of removing US troops from Vietnam

When was the first troop withdrawal from Vietnam and how many soldiers were withdrawn

1972, 70,000 troops

By when had all Us troops returned home

End of 1973

When did Saigon fall to communists

April 30th 1975

When did Israel declare independence

1948

When was the Yom Kippur War

October 6th to 26th 1973

What happened during the Yom Kippur War

Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel killing thousands

who did Egypt seek aid from when invading Israel

USSR

What was the response of Arab nations after the US had supported Israel

Refused to sell oil to the US

When was the Allende coup

September 11th 1973

what was a fear of Allende being president

he might nationalise industries and lose the US money

how much did Nixon give the CIA to stop Allende being elected

$10 million

Who led the attack on the Presidential Palace that Allende escaped to

General Pinochet

What type of ruler was Pinochet

Dictator

how did Allende die

supposedly killed himself

what was operation condor

Chilean initiative launched by the right wing designed to counter ‘transnational subversive elements’

how did Pinochet use operation condor

kill or terrorise political opponents who might challenge his rule

how were the US involved in operation condor

provided financial and technical aid

what did the exposure of the my lai massacre do to Americans

Divided them

In January 1970 how many American soldiers did Nixon send into Cambodia

30,000

How did Nixon test his policy of Vietnamisation

Lam Son Offensive but communists routed them with new Soviet equipment

what happened in 1972 that caused Nixon to bomb Hanoi, and Haiphong

Communists staged an offensive and South Vietnamese forces crumbled

In 1972 what percentage of Americans supported heavy bombing in North Vietnam

55%

What did the Paris Peace Accords settlement stipulate

ceasefire, POW exchange, no fighting in South Vietnam, Thieu would remain in power

what secret promise did Nixon make north Vietnam to ensure a settlement

Billions in reconstruction aid

approx. how many South Vietnamese civilians died

400,000