AP Euro Unit 8

The Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution

a. A new period of industrialization b. Germany c. The Second Industrial Revolution occurred from the late 1800's to the early 1900's in Germany. This period of industrialization focused on the production of steel, iron, electricity, and machinery.

Henry Bessemer

a. Inventor b. England c. This inventor introduced the Bessemer Process. This process purified steel and allowed production of steel in far greater quantities without increasing costs.

William Siemens

a. inventor b. Germany c. He introduced a new method of making steel that produced a higher quality of steel at significantly reduced costs. His Siemens-Martin process led to significant advancements during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Suez Canal

a. Canal b. Egypt c. This canal was built by the French but obtained by the British. It connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and was able to significantly cut travel times, especially traffic from the United Kingdom to India.

Wright Brothers

a. inventors b. United States c. These brothers were inventors that made bicycles. They launched the first successful airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1903. Their airplane was a significant example of improved transportation during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Alfred Nobel

a. Chemist b. Sweden c. He invented dynamite. Then, after realizing the damage it could cause, he created the Nobel Prize to promote peace and bettering the war to help try to stop destructive inventions and practices that could hurt the world.

Marie Curie

a. chemist b. Poland and France c. She was a notable chemist and physicist around the turn of the twentieth century. She won two Nobel Prizes and did pioneering work in radioactivity.

Friedrich Nietzsche

a. philosopher b. Germany c. Friedrich Nietzsche was a nineteenth-century German philosopher that valued human emotions and morals. He created the idea of the Ubermensch a man superior to that over any other human; effectively a "superman". He also famously claimed that "God is dead" by stating that the development of scientific ideals is destroying Christianity.

Sigmund Freud

a. Neurologist b. Austria c. This Austrian neurologist developed the basis of psychoanalysis and argued that the subconscious influences much of our behavior. He believed that the subconscious is shaped by the battle between the Id and Superego, a battle which is regulated by the ego.

Louis Pasteur

a. chemist b. France c. He was a French chemist that used experimental method of science to make advances in medicine. He discovered that microbes, small, invisible organ caused disease. He also explained how vaccines, that had been used since the Eighteenth Century in smallpox, worked within the body, with the immune system producing antibodies after coming into contact with a weak form of the bacilli.

Charles Darwin

a. Scientist b. England c. After his journey to the Galapagos Islands, he came to the conclusion that an evolutionary process had shaped animals and humans. His research challenged the Judeo-Christian understanding of God's creation.

"Natural Selection"

a. idea b. England c. Charles Darwin established this idea that certain members of species inherit traits that over time make them more successful in the struggle for survival. These traits are passed down, and those that lack traits do not reproduce.

The Origin of Species

a. A book b. England c. This book was written by Charles Darwin, an English biologist. Darwin wrote that all species and organisms evolved from common ancestors over the course of time. This idea was groundbreaking in that it directly challenged the church's main philosophy; that god created men and women on Earth.

The Descent of Man

a. book b. England c. In this book, Charles Darwin argued that humans were not exempt from process of evolutionary change and that human beings evolved from simpler forms of life. Opposition to Darwin was swift and vehement.

"Age of the Middle Class"

a. Age b. Europe c. This age refers to the nineteenth century, when the middle class or "bourgeoisie" held significant political and economic authority. Middle class manners and tastes helped to establish the culture of this period.

Thomas Cook

a. Travel promoter b. United Kingdom c. During the nineteenth century in Britain, the middle class had greater disposable income and, thus, traveled more. He popularized travel by organizing day trips to the Great Exhibition in London.

Eduard Bernstein

a. philosopher b. United Kingdom and Germany c. He believed that the socialist goal of reorganization of the means of production owned by the community as a whole) must be achieved by an evolution through democratic means, not by a violent revolution, as Marx believed. He is one of the many Marxist revisionists.

Karl Kautsky

a. philosopher b. Austria c. This philosopher still believed that the proletariat would overthrow bourgeoisie, however it would be a bloodless, civilized affair. He was one of the many Marxists revisionists.

Syllabus of Errors

a. syllabus b. Rome, Italy c. This syllabus, written by Pope Pius IX, concern his ideas on false claims. It condemns freedom of opinion, religion toleration, nationalism, Protestantism, and nineteenth -century liberalism.

"papal infallibility"

a. belief b. The Vatican c. Pope Pius IX was one of many popes that argued this belief that in matters of faith and theology that the pope could not be in error. During Pius IX's reign, this claim alienated moderate Catholics.

Kulturkampf

a. campaign b. Germany c. Otto von Bismarck led this campaign translated in English to mean the "Cultural Struggle." In this struggle, Bismarck attempted to end Catholic schools and dictate the appointment of Catholic bishops. His campaign had little effect, so Bismarck stopped.

Pope Leo XIII

a. pope b. The Vatican c. This pope wrote Rerum Novarum which translates to "Revolutionary Change". In this work, this pope respected private property, bashed socialism, but said that society had a greater responsibility to help the poor. His sentiments tempered that of an earlier pope, Pius IX.

Rerum Novarum

a. Papal encyclical b. Rome, Italy c. Written by Pope Leo XIII, this papal encyclical translated to "Revolutionary Change". In this work, this pope respected private property, bashed socialism, but said that society had a greater responsibility to help the poor.

Catholic Social Movement

a. movement b. Italy and France c. Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum inspired this social movement. This movement aided the poor and was particularly popular in France and Italy.

David Friedrich Strauss

a. Theologian b. Germany c. This theologian argued that the Bible consisted of myths that were formulated by early Christians. His work influenced others, and influenced some to argued that God was a man-made device.

Religion for the Working Class

a. Religious movement b. Europe c. A religious census taken in Britain in 1851, showed working class had very little connection with organized religion. Nevertheless, 1858 in France, a peasant girl has the vision of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes, France, the grotto becomes an important religious shrine.

Anti-Semitism

a. hate b. worldwide c. This term refers to the hatred of and discrimination against the Jewish people. This hatred has existed since the beginning of Judaism, but was prevalent in the condemnation of Captain Alfred Dreyfus during the "Dreyfus Affair."

Dreyfus Affair

a. event b. France c. In this event, Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jewish officer, was convicted of spying for Germany after a note with French military schedules discovered in trash. Flimsy evidence was used to convict Dreyfus, and he was sent to torturous prison at Devil's Island. Conviction upheld even as the real spy acknowledged his role. Emile Zola wrote "J'accuse" in response to this event.

pogroms

a. Violent campaigns b. Russia c. In Russia, the czar used these organized attacks on Jews to redirect popular anger. Several million Jews left Russia to escape persecution.

Zionism

a. A Jewish nationalist movement b. Worldwide c. Zionism was a movement founded by and led by Theodore Herzl. He believed that the Jewish people should have their own state because Anti-Semitism was unavoidable in the existing European countries. This dream was eventually realized in Israel.

Theodore Herzl

a. Political activist b. Austria c. He was the founder of Zionism. Zionism was the belief that the Jewish people should have their own sovereign state where they would not face discrimination based on Anti-Semitism. He promoted Jewish immigration to Palestine, and his dream was eventually realized in the creation of Israel.

"cult of domesticity"

a. system b. United Kingdom c. This was the idealized view of women and the home. In this cultural system, women were supposed to be self-less caregiver for children and a refuge for their husbands.

Suffragists

a. group b. Europe c. Those (mostly female) who were active in seeking voting rights for women as an inherent right for all individuals in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. One prominent suffragist was Emmeline Pankhurst.

Women's Social and Political Union

a. Organization b. United Kingdom c. An organization led by Emmeline Pankhurst that campaigned, often violently, for a broad notion of women's rights in Britain. This organization was the most radical organization seeking women's suffrage.

Emmeline Pankhurst

a. suffragette b. United Kingdom c. She was a British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union. Her organization was engaged in heckling political speakers, breaking church windows, and committing arson for suffrage.

"New Woman"

a. type of woman b. Worldwide c. A woman of the turn of the twentieth century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself. One example of this type of woman was Maria Montessori.

Maria Montessori

a. educator b. Italy c. Italian educator who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching. Her philosophy allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

William Wordsworth

a. Romantic poet b. United Kingdom c. Leader of English Romanticism who published works in the countryside. He worked with Coleridge to compose "Lyrical Ballads."

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

a. Romantic poet b. United Kingdom c. He was one of the leading English Romantic poets. He worked with Wordsworth to compose "Lyrical Ballads."

Sir Walter Scott

a. Novelist b. United Kingdom c. British novelist that invented the popular imagination of the Middle Ages through his novel "Ivanhoe". Nearly all American churches built in the later half of the eighteenth century are of the Gothic style.

Victor Hugo

a. Novelist b. France c. He was a leading French Romantic writer. He is best known for his novels "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame" and "Les Miserables."

Percy Bysshe Shelley

a. poet b. United Kingdom c. Many in the Romantic movement not only rejected traditional literary and artistic styles, they also rejected the traditional order. He wrote the "Mask of Anarchy" as a political protest in the wake of the Peterloo Massacre.

Lord Byron

a. poet b. United Kingdom c. He was an important British Romantic poet. Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their independence movement.

George Sand

a. author b. France c. French female author of more than eighty novels. She took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women.

Frederic Chopin

a. composer b. Poland and France c. A nineteenth-century Polish romantic composer who spent most of his career in France. He is known for his expressive piano pieces; he composed almost exclusively for that instrument.

Igor Stravinsky

a. composer b. Russia c. This composer wrote "The Rite of Spring." This ballet was an expressionist ballet which shocked crowds because of music and scenes.

Eugene Delacroix

a. painter b. France c. He was a French romantic painter, master of dramatic colorful scenes that stirred the emotions. Greatest romantic painters. Fascinated with remote and exotic subjects. His masterpiece was "Liberty Leading the People."

Daguerreotype

a. type of photograph b. France c. This was a photograph taken by an early photographic process. The process to develop this type of photograph employed an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor.

Realism

a. movement b. Europe c. This was a nineteenth century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be. A prominent example of this school in literature is Flaubert's "Madame Bovary."

Gustave Courbet

a. painter b. France c. French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes. He is perhaps best known for his "Stone Breakers."

Jean-Francois Millet

a. painter b. France c. He was a French painter and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers, especially "The Gleaners."

Charles Dickens

a. author b. United Kingdom c. English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice. He wrote "A Tale of Two Cities."

Gustave Flaubert

a. author b. France c. He wrote "Madame Bovary," a novel about a French woman's marital affairs. It is considered one of the first major realist novel.

Leo Tolstoy

a. author b. Russia c. He was one of the leading Russian Realist author. He wrote "Anna Karenina," and "War and Peace."

Emile Zola

a. author b. France c. This was an influential French Realist writer. He is most known for his work "J'accuse" which deals with the Dreyfus Affair in France.

"J'accuse"

a. letter b. France c. This letter was addressed to President of France Félix Faure, and accused the government of anti-Semitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, a French General Staff officer sentenced to penal servitude for life for espionage. It was written by Emile Zola.

Impressionism

a. artistic movement b. France c. This was an artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing. Prominent artists from this field include Manet, Monet, and Renoir.

Edouard Manet

a. artist b. France c. He was both a Realist and Impressionist painter. He is most known for his paintings "Olympia" and "Luncheon on the Grass."

Salon des Refuses

a. exhibition b. France c. French for "exhibition of rejects" is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to this salon which contained many early Impressionistic works.

Claude Monet

a. painter b. France c. a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting. He is particularly known for his paintings of haystacks.

Vincent Van Gogh

a. painter b. the Netherlands c. He was a Dutch expressionist who painted a "moving visions in his mind's eye." He is most known for his "The Starry Night."

Gustave Klimt

a. painter b. Austro-Hungarian Empire c. This Austrian painter generally focused on the female body as his subject. His most renown painting is "The Kiss."

"New Imperialism"

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

Cecil Rhodes

a. imperialist b. United Kingdom c. He played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder.

Indian Mutiny of 1857

a. rebellion b. India c. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The Indian rebellion was fed by resentment that had emerged from British rule, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, and broader scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule.

Informal Empire

a. term b. China c. This term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence. One prime example of an "informal empire" was China.

"Treaty Ports"

a. ports b. China c. These were cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.

Spanish-American War

a. conflict b. worldwide c. This was a war between the United States and Spain. The U.S. won this war and took Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines from Spain.

Russo-Japanese War

a. war b. Asisa c. This was a war between Russia and Japan. Japan won and took parts of Manchuria under its control. The victory of an Asian nation over a European nation sent shockwaves throughout the world.

The Boer War

a. war b. South Africa c. This was a war between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

Fashoda Crisis

a. crisis b. Sudan c. This was a military confrontation between Great Britain and France in the Sudan in 1898. The French retreated from this conflict, but it almost led to a war between two nations that would be allies in WWI.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

a. Kaiser b. Germany c. He was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-WWI Europe.