Anthro pt2 Final

What virus causes smallpox?

Variola, a brick-shaped orthopox virus from the genus orthopoxvirus.

What are the two forms of smallpox?

Variola major (severe) and Variola minor (mild).

How is smallpox transmitted?

Through contact and airborne modes of transmission.

What is a pathognomonic symptom of smallpox?

A distinctive rash that can lead to permanent scars or death.

What does the term 'pathognomonic' mean?

Symptoms that are readily identifiable.

What historical significance does the term 'smallpox' have?

It is traced to 1518 and means 'small pocks', distinguishing it from 'great pox' (syphilis).

What ancient civilization was aware of smallpox by 1122 BC?

China.

Who was Onesimus and what did he contribute to smallpox treatment?

An enslaved man who taught variolation to whites in the American colonies in 1721.

What is variolation?

Taking material from someone's smallpox pustule and introducing it into another person's body.

Who developed the smallpox vaccine and when?

Edward Jenner in 1796.

What does the term 'vaccine' derive from?

The Latin word 'vacca' meaning cow.

What was the last naturally acquired case of variola major?

Rahima Banu in Bangladesh.

What was the last naturally acquired case of variola minor?

Ali Maow Maalin, a hospital cook in Somalia.

What year did the WHO begin its mass vaccination campaign against smallpox?

1956.

What strategy did the WHO use to eradicate smallpox?

Surveillance-containment strategy leading to herd immunity.

Why was smallpox considered eradicable?

It is human-specific with no known animal reservoir and had an effective vaccination process.

When did routine vaccination for smallpox end?

1985.

What is herd immunity?

When a significant portion of a population becomes immune to an infectious disease, limiting further spread.

What historical figure suggested using smallpox as a biological weapon against Native Americans?

Lord Jeffrey Amherst.

What ancient strain of smallpox is considered the root of all previously sequenced variola strains?

The ancient strain from Lithuania.

What is the significance of the mummy of Rameses V in relation to smallpox?

It is believed he may have had smallpox.

What was the purpose of the bifurcated needle in smallpox vaccination?

To administer the smallpox vaccine.

What were the initial symptoms of smallpox?

Incubation period, followed by initial symptoms, early rash, pustular rash, and scabs.

What is the role of large populations in the persistence of smallpox?

Smallpox requires large populations to persist.

What is bioterrorism?

The intentional release or threat of release of biologic agents to cause disease or death among humans or livestock to terrorize a civilian population or manipulate the government.

What are characteristics of an effective bioterrorism agent?

Highly contagious, short incubation period, little immunity in the target population, and able to be mass produced.

What historical event involved the use of smallpox against Indigenous Americans?

A confrontation between Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, and Colonel Henry Bouquet, who suggested using blankets to spread smallpox.

What did the Strasbourg Agreement of 1675 prohibit?

The use of poison bullets by France and the Holy Roman Empire.

What was the purpose of the Hague Convention of 1899?

To prohibit the use of projectiles with the sole object to spread asphyxiating poisonous gases.

What does the 1925 Geneva Protocol ban?

The use of asphyxiating, poisonous gases, and bacteriological methods of warfare.

What does the Chemical Weapons Convention prohibit?

The development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons, except for research, medical, or protective purposes.

When did the Tokyo subway sarin attack occur?

March 20, 1995.

Who founded the Aum Shinrikyo cult?

Shoko Asahara, also known as Chizuo Matsumoto.

What bioterror attack occurred in Oregon in 1984?

The Rajneesh bioterror attack, where salad bars were contaminated with Salmonella, infecting 751 people.

What was the significance of the 2001 US Anthrax Letters?

They involved anthrax-laced letters sent to various public figures, causing widespread fear and investigation.

What type of gas was used in World War I as a chemical weapon?

Chlorine gas, phosgene gas, and mustard gas.

What was the impact of mustard gas during World War I?

It caused severe injuries and deaths among soldiers exposed to it.

What is the main focus of the Chemical Weapons Convention established on April 29, 1997?

To prohibit the development, stockpiling, and transfer of chemical weapons.

What is a key feature of the bioterrorism agent related to contagion?

It should be highly contagious.

What is the incubation period for an effective bioterrorism agent?

It should have a short incubation period.

What was the purpose of the agreements to ban chemical weapons?

To prevent the use of toxic agents in warfare and protect civilian populations.

What was the outcome of the Rajneesh bioterror attack?

Infection of 751 people due to contaminated food.

What was the role of the Registrar Deferred Exam process?

To manage situations where students miss the final exam without a make-up option.

What is the deadline for the Covid Reflection assignment?

April 4 at 11:59 pm.

When is the final exam scheduled?

April 14.

What virus is responsible for Ebola?

Orthoebolavirus, a member of the Filovirus family.

What are the strains of the Ebola virus?

Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus.

How is Ebola primarily spread?

Through contact with bodily fluids.

What is the R-naught value for Ebola?

2.

What are the 'dry symptoms' of Ebola?

Fever, headache, pains, fatigue.

What are the 'wet symptoms' of Ebola?

Nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, bleeding, diarrhea, red eyes, hiccups.

What biohazard level is Ebola classified as?

Biohazard Level 4 Pathogen.

What was the average score of the midterm mentioned in the presentation?

82%.

When is the Covid Reflection due?

April 4 at 11:59pm.

When is the final exam scheduled?

April 14 from 4-6pm.

What significant event is associated with the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic?

The outbreak began in Meliandou, Guinea, where patient zero contracted the virus from bats.

What role do funerary practices play in the spread of Ebola?

They can facilitate the transmission of the virus through close contact with the deceased.

Who was Ameyo Stella Adadevoh?

Lead consultant and endocrinologist who died during the Ebola outbreak in Nigeria.

What was Dr. Sheik Umar Khan known for?

He was an expert in the clinical care of viral hemorrhagic fevers and died during the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone.

What was Thomas Scotland's role during the Ebola crisis?

He was a medical intern who volunteered to help with the country's Ebola response and died in Monrovia, Liberia.

What was the significance of the kapok tree in the Ebola outbreak?

It is believed to be where patient zero contracted Ebola from bats.

What is the importance of the Ebola response team mentioned?

They work to manage and contain Ebola outbreaks, as seen in Komanda, DRC.

What is the format requirement for the Covid Reflection assignment?

Normal font, 12pt, single or double spaced, 12pt margins.

What is the title of the book being discussed in the presentation?

The title has not been decided yet; suggestions are welcome.

What was the impact of the Ebola virus on funerary practices in West Africa?

It exploited personal ties, leading to increased transmission during funerals.

What is the significance of the body bags mentioned in the presentation?

They are used to safely handle and dispose of bodies of Ebola victims to prevent further transmission.

What is the role of artists in the Covid Reflection book project?

Artists are invited to design the cover art for the book.

What is an anti-vaxxer?

A person who opposes the use of vaccines or regulations mandating vaccination, often a parent against vaccinating their child.

What does 'vaccine hesitancy' mean?

A delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite the availability of vaccine services.

What are the 3 C's of vaccine hesitancy?

Confidence, Complacency, Convenience.

What historical event is associated with the anti-vaccine movement in 1885?

A smallpox outbreak in Montreal that led to antivaccination riots.

What was depicted in James Gillray's 1802 cartoon 'The Cow-Pock'?

Vaccination was illustrated as a diseased cow-like monster being fed children.

What unethical study is associated with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A study where African American men were misled and not treated for syphilis to study the disease's progression.

What was thalidomide used for in Canada during 1961-1962?

It was used for morning sickness in pregnant women.

What false claim has been associated with vaccines and autism?

The discredited claim that vaccines cause autism, popularized by Andrew Wakefield.

What factors have contributed to increased vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Declining trust in science, increasing political polarization, rise of social media, and the infodemic.

What does the term 'infodemic' refer to?

An overload of information, including false or misleading information during a disease outbreak.

What can local communities do to address vaccine hesitancy?

Improve science communication and educate about vaccine safety and efficacy.

What is a common concern among some local Mennonites in Texas regarding vaccines?

They believe scientifically discredited claims that vaccinations cause autism and express distrust in vaccine ingredients.

What is the significance of the phrase 'declining trust in science' in the context of vaccine hesitancy?

It refers to the growing skepticism towards public health and governmental institutions, affecting vaccination rates.

How did social media contribute to vaccine hesitancy?

By rapidly spreading misinformation and amplifying fears regarding vaccines.

What historical drawing illustrated the removal of patients during the 1885 smallpox epidemic?

Robert Harris's drawing titled 'Incident of the smallpox epidemic, Montréal.'

What was the outcome of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

Participants were not informed of their condition and were denied treatment, leading to severe health consequences.

What is the role of personal beliefs in vaccine hesitancy?

Personal beliefs can lead to refusal or delay in vaccination despite available services.

What does the term 'safety concerns' refer to in the context of vaccine hesitancy?

Concerns about the potential side effects or long-term effects of vaccines.

What is the impact of the 'infodemic' on public health?

It can lead to confusion, fear, and ultimately lower vaccination rates due to the spread of misinformation.

What was the public response to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

It led to widespread outrage and calls for ethical reforms in medical research.

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

Treponema pallidum pallidum, a spirochete.

What are common sites of syphilis infection?

Penis, cervix, vulva, mouth, throat, or anus.

How is syphilis primarily treated?

With penicillin.

What characterizes primary syphilis?

A painless chancre (ulcer) that appears 3-6 weeks after contact.

What happens to the chancre in primary syphilis?

It disappears after 4-6 weeks, leaving no scar.

What is secondary syphilis?

The 'bacteraemic stage' where spirochetes multiply and spread via blood, causing systemic rash.

What are condyloma lata?

Highly contagious, painless, wart-like lesions that appear in warm, moist areas during secondary syphilis.

What occurs during the latent stage of syphilis?

The disease resolves after 6 months but can remain dormant.

What are gummas in tertiary syphilis?

Soft non-cancerous growths that appear 3-10 years after primary infection.

What percentage of untreated syphilis cases progress to tertiary stage?

Approximately 25%.

What are the four types of Treponemal diseases?

1. Venereal syphilis 2. Pinta 3. Yaws 4. Bejel (endemic syphilis).

Where is Pinta found and how is it spread?

Exclusively in South/Central America, spread via skin-to-skin contact.

What is the primary treatment for Pinta?

Antibiotics.