Unit 3: Revolt and Revolution

Taxes on everything, money only to the government

Stamp Act in 1765

Reminded colonists that the British government can do whatever they want

Declaratory Act

Made a statement about taxes, the British government can do whatever they want

Boston Tea Party

Were in response to the Boston Tea Party, meant to punish Massachusetts citizens

Intolerable Acts

Informed voters of the common threat they faced from their mother country

Colonial Committees of Correspondence

the British response to the First Continental Congress in the American colonies. The Congress asked for representation in Parliament in the Suffolk Resolves, also known as the first Olive Branch Petition. Parliament claimed that its members had the well-being of the colonists in mind.

Virtual Representation

written by Thomas Paine, said that ordinary people can participate in government

Common Sense

proposed the normal function of government along with raising the Continental Army through conscription

Second Continental Congress

secured American colonists' independence from Great Britain, fought in the American Revolution

Continental Army

A last-ditch offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III

Olive Branch Petition

Proclaimed the rights of the people and 27 grievances against the British government

Declaration of Independence

written by Thomas Paine, a pamphlet written during a low point in the revolution to inspire the soldiers to keep going and stay in the army

The American Crisis

Greatly facilitated US independence. Significant in the winning of the Revolutionary War against the British

French-American Alliance

"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" Rights that are God-given and can never be taken or given away

In what way does the Declaration of Independence take as its foundation for its arguments the idea of natural rights?

They stopped it, but reminded people that they can do whatever they want through the Declaratory Acts.

What was the reaction of Parliament to the colonial protests against the Stamp Act?

The interest in providing religious beliefs through scientific experiments. His thinking was all based on science and reasoning.

How was Benjamin Franklin an example of the Enlightenment?

They believed that the colonies and the crown should resolve their differences and stay with the empire

What were the beliefs of colonial loyalists?

They made homespun clothing for people to boycott British goods

What role did colonial women play during the Townshend Crisis?

Tax, but for the purpose of revenue for the whole empire, not just the government

Describe the key arguments of John Dickinson's Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania.

They had the best military in the world. Funds were made easier than the Continental Army, along with having well-disciplined, paid, and fed soldiers.

What advantages did the British enjoy during the War for Independence?

Fighting for a grand cause, their independence, and freedom. They knew the land

What advantages did the Continental Army enjoy at the beginning of the War for Independence?

Boycotting British goods

What was the most effective colonial tactic in gaining the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts?

Burgoyne and Howe didn't communicate, Howe decided to attack Pennsylvania and leave Burgoyne alone in New York

What puzzling decisions were made by British military leaders during the war? (Howe, Burgoyne, Cornwallis)

France provided the money, troops, armament, military leadership, and naval support that tipped the balance of military power in favor of the United States and paved the way for the Continental Army's ultimate victory

What was the importance of French military intervention and financial assistance to the American victory in the Revolution?

The common person started playing important parts in government; more people gained the right to vote and in general many people gained independence. The common person felt equal to the rich and didn't do as told.

Why did relations between the elites and the common people change as a result of the American Revolution?

Failed attempt to flee across the York River.

What led to General Charles Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown?

Guaranteed both nations access to the Mississippi River, along with France giving up all territories in Mainland North America.

What were the terms of The Treaty of Paris of 1783?

Turning point in the American Revolution, the battle that shaped the colonists in their ability to end up winning the war. Majorly boosted the morale of colonists.

What was the importance of the Battle of Saratoga?

Made sure to conduct himself and his army in a very disciplined and decorous way. He utilized informal power to cement his leadership, along with his strength of character.

Assess George Washington as a military commander.

Not to win battles but to lose them decisively, the outcome of one battle less important than ensuring that the army lived to fight another day.

How would you describe Washington's primary goal as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army?

Scattered throughout the Continental Army, earned independence by serving on both sides through the war. Turned the South towards revolution

What was the role of African-Americans in the American Revolution?

cooks, maids, laundresses, water bearers, and seamstresses for the army

What new responsibilities were taken over by women during the revolution?

France provided the money, troops, armament, military leadership, and naval support that tipped the balance of military power in favor of the United States and paved the way for the Continental Army's ultimate victory, which was sealed at Yorktown

What was the impact of French intervention on British war plans 1778?

Winners- American/ France
Losers- British/Loyalists

Assess the "winners" and "losers" at the conclusion of the Revolutionary War.

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay (Silas Deane and Arthur Lee??)

Who made up the delegation of American diplomats who successfully negotiated the Treaty of Paris?

the right to representation, political independence, separation of church and state, nationalism, and slavery

What were the truly "revolutionary" ideas that emerged from the American Revolution?

The states remained sovereign and independent. No national government power, couldn't tax, and bankrupt

Describe the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation

Established a government for the Northwest Territory, outlined a process for admitting a new state to the Union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original states. Outlawed slavery in new territories

Describe the Northwest Ordinance (Ordinance of 1787).

Congress didn't have the power to tax

What were the weaknesses of the Congress under the Articles of Confederation?

It gave crucial momentum to the growing movement to strengthen the national government

What was the most important result of the uprising of western Massachusetts debtor farmers led by Daniel Shays?

Created two legislative bodies in congress

What was the central compromise (referred to as the Great Compromise) of the Constitutional Convention?

All white men

Describe the delegates to the 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention.

John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton

Who were the chief authors of The Federalist Papers?

popular sovereignty, limited government, civil rights, and liberties

What did most of the new state constitutions adopted during the American Revolution include?

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

John Adams

Stopped the advance of the British in Saratoga and obtained the surrender of British General Burgoyne. Severely injured his leg after being pinned by a horse. He eventually was a traitor.

Benedict Arnold

Drafted the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, and he negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary War.

Benjamin Franklin

Retrieved victory in the Battle of Saratoga over the British. He was useless on the battlefield.

Horatio Gates

One of the most respected generals of the Revolutionary War; led a campaign that ended the British occupation of the South.

Nathanael Greene

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

John Hancock

Commander in chief of the British army who, in despite of many successes, failed to destroy the Continental army and stem the American Revolution.

William Howe

Wrote the Declaration of Independence along with the statesman responsible for the Louisiana Purchase.

Thomas Jefferson

Accompanied George Washington and the colonists in the fight against the British (Valley Forge) as a French soldier. Later became a general. Also known for involvement in America and Europe.

Marquis de Lafayette

From Prussia. Brought the Continental Army right back into shape; known for bravery and discipline that he brought to the American Troops

Friedrich von Steuben

New York

The Federalist Papers were addressed primarily to the citizens of which state?

that only by limiting government could liberty survive the natural tendency of man to dictate the habits of other men.

How did the Constitution's Framers express their fear of concentrated political power?

The Virginia Plan, it layed out the three branches of government
The New Jersey Plan, proposed one house legislature with equal votes of states along with an executive elected by national legislature.

Differentiate between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. Which served as the basis for the new government?

By allowing the central government certain powers/rights. Congress now had the right to levy taxes and congress was allowed to regulate trade among states and other countries.

In what ways did the Constitution represent an abandonment of some of the principles on which the Articles of Confederation had rested?

The new national government would be too powerful and threaten the individual liberties, given the absence of The Bill of Rights.

What were the primary fears of the Anti Federalists?

The British thought that the colonists owed the government money for protection, which the colonists thought was wrong.

How did the American War for Independence result from differences in expectations between the British and Americans in the aftermath of the French and Indian War?

Phase One: 1775-1776 - New England, Bunker Hill, and England prepares for a larger conflict

Phase Two: 1776-1777 - Mid-Atlantic States. The British invasion of New York. Washington retreated into Pennsylvania. Battles of Trenton and Princeton: big morale boosters. General William Howe and Admiral Burgoyne. French treaty. Thomas Paine: The Crisis

Phase Three: 1778- the end - The South. Nathaniel Greene vs Charles Lord Cornwallis. Fall of Yorktown.

Be able to relate the military actions within the "three phases" of the War for Independence.

He believed that various interests and factions would cancel each other out in a large republic, and that virtuous national leaders would govern on behalf of all the people.

How did James Madison imagine that a federal republic with a strong central government might work, especially one which governed such a vast land area as the United States?

After the Seven Years War, Britain had a vast empire to govern and war debts to pay.

Why did Great Britain tighten its control over its American colonies?

stationing of permanent troops
tighter smuggling patrols
enlarged customs service
manufacturing restricted to non-competing products
Sugar Act of 1764
Stamp Act of 1765
Currency Act

Name one of George Grenville's unpopular colonial policies.

British businesses were losing revenue because of colonial opposition to the tax.
Colonial protests made enforcement incredibly difficult.

Why was the Stamp Act repealed?

It led to sympathy for the people of Massachusetts (with thanks to Paul Revere for his engraving)

What was the impact of the Boston Massacre?

author of "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer"

Who was John Dickinson?

After the Stamp Act was repealed, the Declaratory Act asserted Parliament's power to make laws for the colonies.

What was the Declaratory Act

taxes on items like glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea

What were the Townshend Duties?

They were a response to the Boston Tea Party.
Boston Harbor closed, increased privilege for royal officeholders, Quebec Act
(known by colonists as the Intolerable Acts)

What were the Coercive Acts?

rejected plan for union under British rule
endorsed a statement of grievances
prepared for defense of Massachusetts
boycotts
agreed to meet again in the spring of 1775

What was one decision made at the First Continental Congress?

author of "Common Sense" and "The Crisis"

Who was Thomas Paine?

It led to a debate about whether or not to switch the goal from recognition of colonial rights to outright independence.

What was the impact of "The Shot Heard Round the World" on the Second Continental Congress?

Boston patriot, organizer of the Tea Party, early believer in independence

What are two things (besides beer) that you should know about Samuel Adams.

a last-ditch peace overture sent to King George III by the Second Continental Congress

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

persuaded Americans to the cause of independence
led to a belief that a new American nation, if created, should have a government in which the people had influence regardless of class

List two ways in which "Common Sense" was impactful.

recruitment of Indians, slaves and Hessian mercenaries

Aside from economic policies and soldier quartering, what else did the British do that angered colonists after the opening of hostilities?

Articles of Confederation

What was the name of the governing plan adopted by the Second Continental Congress?

The Patriots lost, suffering tremendous casualties...
...but they inflicted the heaviest casualties
suffered by the British throughout the war

What was the result of the fighting at Bunker Hill?

New York was a loyalist stronghold

What led to the British decision to move the war from Boston to New York?

Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery

Who led the Americans' invasion of Canada?

convinced numerous soldiers to re-enlist
boosted morale
militarily not that big of a deal

Assess the significance of Washington's victory at Trenton and Princeton

it helped to rally morale among the Continental soldiers

What was the impact of Thomas Paine's "The Crisis"

The new responsibility after the revolution was education of the children

Women's responsibilities after the Revolution?