APUSH Unit 7

Pearl Harbor

Japanese bombers attacked US ships in harbor in 1941

Declaration of War

US declared war on Japan, leading to alliances with Germany and Italy

War Production Board

Established to oversee war industries during WWII

Manhattan Project

Research project for atomic technology during WWII

Korematsu v

Supreme Court case upholding Japanese American internment during WWII

D-Day

Allied invasion of Europe in 1944 to liberate Paris and Berlin

German Surrender

Occurred on May 7, 1945, as forces reached Berlin and Hitler died

Battle of Midway

Ended Japanese expansion during WWII

Island hopping

Strategy to move US forces closer to Japan in the Pacific

Atomic Bombs

Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in WWII

Japanese Surrender

Happened on September 2, 1945, shortly after atomic bombings

Big Three

US, Britain, and Soviet Union leaders during WWII

Yalta Conference

Agreement on post-WWII plans among the Big Three

United Nations

Established and accepted by Congress

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican president known for bold foreign policy

William Taft

Republican president with a milder expansionist policy

Woodrow Wilson

Democrat president who opposed imperialism and promoted self-governance

Warren Harding

Republican president who reduced taxes and increased tariffs

Calvin Coolidge

Republican president who followed Harding

Herbert Hoover

Republican president during the Great Depression

Franklin Roosevelt

Democrat president who implemented the New Deal

Harry Truman

Democrat president who succeeded Roosevelt

W.E.B

Prominent black civil rights leader in the early 1900s

Alice Paul

Key member of the National Woman's Party

Political Ideologies

Republicans for imperialism and limited government, Democrats against imperialism, Progressives for moderate reform, Fascists glorified nation and race, Nazis were German fascists, Isolationists aimed to avoid war.

Harlem Renaissance

Concentration of talented African American artists in Harlem, NY

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922

Legislation that increased tariffs

Teapot Dome Scandal

1924 scandal involving the Secretary of the Interior accepting bribes for oil land

Election of 1924

Coolidge won for Republicans, progressive party still had significant support

Election of 1928

Coolidge refused to run, Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover who worsened the economic depression

Black Tuesday

Stock market crash due to millions of investors pulling out money

Great Depression

Caused by various factors including uneven wealth distribution, stock market crash, excessive credit use, weak farm economy, failed government policies, and global economic issues

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

1930 legislation that increased tariffs, leading to retaliatory actions from Europe

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Established in 1932 to financially support railroads, banks, and other financial institutions

Federal Farm Board

Attempted to stabilize the cost of farm goods

Election of 1932

Democrats nominated Franklin Roosevelt as people sought change from Hoover's policies

New Deal

Roosevelt's program aimed at reviving the American economy

Three R’s

Relief, recovery, and reform - key components of the New Deal

Civilian Conservation Corps

Employed unemployed men in federal and state infrastructure projects

Glass-Steagall Act

Limited how banks could invest customer money in the future

Social Security Act 1935

Program securing a trust fund for individuals over 65

Court-packing bill

FDR's plan to replace justices over 70 ½, causing controversy

Fair Labor Standards Act 1938

Established minimum wage, maximum workweek hours, and child labor restrictions

Keynesian Economics

Encouraged government spending to stimulate economic growth

Dust Bowl

Environmental disaster that ruined crops in the Great Plains in the early 1930s

Five-Power Treaty

Agreement between US, France, Britain, Japan, Italy to maintain a set number of warships

Four-Power Treaty

Agreement between US, France, Britain, Japan to respect Pacific territories

Nine-Power Treaty

Agreement to respect China's territory under the Open Door policy

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Ineffective international peace agreement to outlaw future wars

Dawes Plan

US loaned money to Germany to pay reparations, easing post-WWI economic issues

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

US reduced tariffs with countries that reciprocated

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937

Passed to keep the US out of war

Invasion of Poland

1939 event where Germany invaded Poland, starting WWII

Four Freedoms

Roosevelt's proposal to lend money to Britain for arms purchase

Lend-Lease Act

Allowed the US to provide aid to Britain during WWII

Atlantic Charter

Plans for peace after WWII by Roosevelt and Churchill

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's plan to regulate business, unions, social welfare, and improve women's suffrage

New Freedom

Wilson's plan to limit big business, end corruption, support small business competition

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

1909 tariff increase causing Republican party split between Roosevelt and Taft

Underwood Tariff

1913 Wilson's tariff reduction

Federal Reserve Act

1914 established regional banks for US financial stability

Federal Trade Commission

Protects consumers from unfair trade practices

Clayton Antitrust Act

Exempted unions from trust prosecution

Child Labor Act

1916 prohibited interstate commerce of products made by children under 14

NAACP

Founded in 1908 to abolish segregation

19th Amendment

1920 granted women the right to vote

Lusitania

1915 German attack that upset US

Sussex Pledge

Germany's promise not to sink ships with Americans in 1916

Zimmerman Telegram

Intercepted German offer to Mexico to attack US

Bolshevik Revolution

Removed Russians from WWI

Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan for lasting peace

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI, punished Germany, established League of Nations

National War Labor Board

Raised wages and established unions during WWI

Immigration Act of 1917

Prohibited certain groups from entering the US

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Limited free speech during WWI

Schenk v

1919 case limiting free speech for public safety

The Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South

The Red Scare

1919 fear of communism

Ku Klux Klan

Continued lynchings of African Americans

Assembly line

Revolutionized factories by Henry Ford in 1914

Modernism

Accepted Darwin's theory of evolution

Fundamentalism

Taught every word in the Bible and condemned modernists

Revivalists

Preached Fundamentalism through new communication

21st Amendment

Repealed Prohibition

Quota Laws

Limited immigration by nationality, first in 1921

New Imperialism

Renewed interest in imperialization in the late 1800s, including the USA.

Spanish-American War

Conflict in 1898 fueled by nationalism, yellow journalism, and the sinking of the Maine.

Spheres of Influence

Control over trade in specific regions, notably in China.

Open Door Policy

Aimed to ensure equal trade opportunities in China for all nations.

"Big Stick" Policy

Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy approach.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Granted the US rights to build the Panama Canal.

Roosevelt Corollary

Policy to intervene in Latin America to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's strategy of expanding influence through economic investments.

Jones Act 1916

Granted independence to the Philippines.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corrupt business practices.

Secret Ballot

Introduced in 1910 to ensure fair elections.

17th Amendment

Required the direct election of senators by popular vote.

Prohibition

Enacted in two-thirds of states by 1915.

Lochner v

1905 case against limiting the workday to 10 hours.

Muller v

1908 case recognizing the need for special protections for women workers.