Anatomy & Physiology I Exam Review

Flashcards for Anatomy & Physiology I Summative Final Exam Study Guide

Anatomical Position

The standard reference starting point. Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.

Superior

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

Inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

Anterior

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

Posterior

Toward or at the back of the body; behind.

Ventral

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of (same as anterior).

Dorsal

Toward or at the back of the body; behind (same as posterior).

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface.

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Cephalic

Relating to the head or skull.

Caudal

Relating to the tail or inferior end.

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right parts.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport process using transport proteins.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Epidermis

Outer layer of the skin.

Dermis

Inner layer of the skin.

Axial Skeleton

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs and their girdles.

Osteon

Structural unit of compact bone.

Endochondral Bone Formation

Process of bone formation where bone replaces hyaline cartilage.

Synovial Joints

Joints in which bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Ligaments

Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones.

Epimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds muscle fascicles.

Endomysium

Connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Sarcomere

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber.

Muscle Twitch

Single, brief contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a single stimulus.

Latent Period

Time between stimulus and start of contraction.

Contraction Phase

Tension develops to peak.

Relaxation Phase

Tension declines to resting level.

All-or-None Principle

A muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for conscious thought.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain that coordinates movement and balance.

Diencephalon

Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Brainstem

Connects the brain to the spinal cord.

Reflex

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus.

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain.

Cervical Plexus

Network of nerves that supplies the posterior head, neck, and shoulders.

Brachial Plexus

Network of nerves that supplies the upper limb.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for fight or flight.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Division of the autonomic nervous system that promotes rest and digest functions.

General Senses

Senses found throughout the body.

Ascending Spinal Tracts

Carry sensory information up the spinal cord.

Descending Spinal Tracts

Carry motor commands down the spinal cord.

Eye

Organ of vision.

Ear

Organ of hearing and balance.

Organic Molecules

Molecules containing carbon.

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Polymer

A substance or material consisting of very large molecules

Skeletal System

Body system composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments.

Joint Classifications

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

Gross Anatomy

The study of the body structures visible to the naked eye.

Muscle Fiber

A Muscle cell

Receptors

Specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli.

Epithelial Tissue

Function: Covers and lines body surfaces; protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.
Characteristics: Cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, support by connective tissue, avascularity, regeneration.
Locations: Covers body, lines hollow organs, and forms glands.

Connective Tissue

Function: Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together.
Characteristics: Common origin from mesenchyme, varying degrees of vascularity, extracellular matrix.
Locations: Throughout the body; examples include bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood.

Muscle Tissue

Function: Responsible for movement.
Characteristics: Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity.
Locations: Attached to bones (skeletal), walls of hollow organs (smooth), and the heart (cardiac).

Nervous Tissue

Function: Controls and communicates via electrical and chemical signals.
Characteristics: Neurons and glial cells.
Locations: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Primary Endochondral Ossification

Occurs in the center of the hyaline cartilage shaft. Chondrocytes hypertrophy, the matrix calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms. Osteoblasts then replace the cartilage with spongy bone.

Secondary Endochondral Ossification

Occurs in the epiphyses of the bone. Cartilage calcifies, and it is replaced by spongy bone. Hyaline cartilage remains at the epiphyseal surfaces and the epiphyseal plate.

Plane Joint

Structural Classification: Synovial, nonaxial.
Movement: Gliding movements.
Example: Intercarpal joints of the wrist.

Hinge Joint

Structural Classification: Synovial, uniaxial.
Movement: Flexion and extension.
Example: Elbow joint.

Pivot Joint

Structural Classification: Synovial, uniaxial.
Movement: Rotation.
Example: Atlantoaxial joint (between C1 and C2 vertebrae).

Condylar Joint

Structural Classification: Synovial, biaxial.
Movement: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
Example: Knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal joints).

Saddle Joint

Structural Classification: Synovial, biaxial.
Movement: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Vertebral movements

Flexion and extension

Rotation

Lateral flexion

C1 and C2 movements

Rotation only pivot joint

Intervertebral ligaments

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Ligamentum flavum

Interspinous ligament

Supraspinous ligament

Ligamentum nuchae

What types of joint is the vertebral

Gliding

What type of joint is the elbow?

Hinge

What joints make the hinge movement in the elbow?

Humeroulnar and humeroradius joints

What joint movements does the elbow make?

Flexion and extension, supination and pronation

Which ligament stabilize the elbow joint

Radial collateral

Ulnar collateral

annular

What type of joint is in the knee and what movement does it make?

Hinge flexion, and extension

Which ligament located in the knee?

Patellar ligament

patellar retinaculae

Poptiteal ligaments,

ACL

PCL

tibial collateral

fibular collateral

Like what are the ligaments in the hip?

Illiofemoral

pubofemoral

Ishiofemoral

Transverse acetabular

Ligamentum teres

What ligaments are in the shoulder?

Glenohumeral

Coracohumeral

Coracoacromial

Coracoclavicular

Acromioclavicular

What form muscles make up the rotator cuff

Supraspinatus

infraspinatus

teres minor

subscapularis