USA Civil Rights IGCSE Edexcel

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Country that fell to communism in 1949

China

Area where the Soviet Union expanded after 1945

Eastern Europe

Country split between the Soviet Union and the West

Germany

Type of weapon developed by the Soviet Union in 1949

Atomic bomb

City that was cut off by Stalin in 1948

Berlin

Plan introduced by the president to support Western Europe

Truman Doctrine

Organisation formed in 1949 to stop the spread of communism

NATO

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda

Federal Loyalty Review Board

during second red scare, truman made this committee to investigate members of government and dismiss those who were disloyal to u.s. government

Hollywood Ten

Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood

Rosenbergs

Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

FBI

Used to investigate communists in the state department

McCarran Act

required all communist organizations to register with the government and to provide lists of members

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence

Senator Tydings

Created a committee to prove McCarthy was fraud but was not elected again because McCarthy called him a communist after he stood up against McCarthy's false claims

Group investigated by McCarthy that led to his downfall

Army

Ed Murrow

TV show that investigated and questioned McCarthy's claims

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination

MIA

Mississippi Improvement Association

Deep south

Area of the USA synonymous with racism and segregation

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Little Rock Nine

A group of students who were enrolled in a white high school on the basis of being black

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group, experienced a revival after Brown Vs Board

BOYCOTT

refuse to buy

Browder v. Gayle

(1956) Ended segregation in the public transportation system after the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama)

Sit ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served

Greensboro

Site of the first lunch counter sit ins

Open casket

Emmett Till had one of these, shocked the country

National guard

Deployed by Eisenhower to resolve Little Rock

70 per cent

Amount of bus users in Montgomery who were African American

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 Civil Rights Act

provided federal protection for blacks who wished to register to vote

Filibuster

Tactic used by dixiecrats to delay the 1957 Civil Rights Act

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

James Meredith

The first African American student at the University of Mississippi.

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Anniston fire bombing

Attack on freedom riders in 1961

Ross Barnett

Governor of Mississippi who tried to prevent James Meredith from entering Ole Miss, was extremely racist

Bull Connor

Police official of Birmingham, AL. Was a member of the KKK and supported racial segregation.

Birmingham

Alabama city against equal rights; peaceful marches in 1963 were broken up brutally by city police.

Fire hoses and police dogs

Used against protestors in Birmingham in 1963

Kennedy

Introduced civil rights bill and helped James Meredith get into Ole Mis

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Selma March

Protest to register African American voters in the South, violence against protesters

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

Freedom summer murders

Murder of group of activists who tried to set help register voters

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

Nation of islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Elijah Muhammad

Leader of the Nation of Islam

Stokely Carmichael

Coined the phrase "black power" and led SNCC away from a nonviolent approach.

1968 Olympic Protest

Protest by two African American athletes who showed the black power salute

Black panthers

a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites. Used armed groups to defend black communities against police brutality

Ten Point Program

A set of guidelines to the Black Panther Party's ideals and ways of operation, a "combination of a Bill of Rights and a Declaration of Independence."

Watts Riots

week-long violence in LA after white cop struck black bystander during a traffic arrest

Long Hot Summer (1967)

race riots similar to Watts in most major US cities

Kerner Report

This commission, chaired by Otto Kerner, decided that the race riots were due to the formation of two different American cultures: inner-city Blacks and suburban Whites.

Affirmative Action

Policy encouraged by Johnson to give African Americans more chance to get a higher education

Bussing

transportation of students to school in an attempt to reduce racial segregation

Reasons for the emergence of the student movement

Media, Disappointment with post war USA, emergence of teenager, new technology

foreign policy aims of the student movement

End the war in Vietnam, nuclear disarmament

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society

Methods of SDS

Sit ins and rallies

Free Speech Movement

Movement protesting policies instituted by the University of California at Berkeley that restricted free speech.

Mario Savio

Early student activist and leader of the Free Speech Movement at the University of California (at Berkeley)

Hey hey LBJ

"how many kids did you kill today?"

Draft

A system of required military service that many protested about in the anti Vietnam protests

Anti war musicians

Bob Dylan, Jimmy Hendrix

Kent State Massacre

Four killed, nine wounded by Ohio National Guard during protest of U.S. invasion of Cambodia

Nixon

Promised to end the war in Vietnam, ordered the Kent State shooting

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s. Nearly half a million attended.

1969 march on washington

500,000 protest the Vietnam war

Hippy Movement

Movement of people that valued freedom, nature, peace, sharing, and spirituality.

Impact of anti war protests

Johnson did not run for reelection, Nixon introduced Vietnamization