a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
New cards
2
Instincts
unlearned patterns of behavior (only explain a small portion of behaviors)
New cards
3
Drive Reduction Theory
biological needs cause drive that motivate us to maintain homeostasis
New cards
4
Primary Drives
biological needs that we don't need to learn as a driving factor
New cards
5
Secondary drives
drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth
New cards
6
arousal theory
everyone has an optimal level of tension that we need to fulfill to feel content
New cards
7
Yerkes-Dodson Law
We function better under out optimal arousal/stress point, but anything after makes us preform worse (chart my therapist drew)
New cards
8
Incentive theory
we are driven by rewarding experiences
New cards
9
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
New cards
10
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
New cards
11
self-actualization
the process by which people achieve their full potential
New cards
12
self-determination theory
a theory of motivation that proposes that every person has 3 psychological needs that motivate us. (Relatedness, Competence, and Autonomy)
New cards
13
Ryan and Deci
self-determination theory
New cards
14
overjustification effect
The tendency for someone to loose intrinsic motivation for something when they have been receiving extrinsic motivation
New cards
15
intrinsic motivation
internal motivation; completing the activity because it pleases you
New cards
16
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
New cards
17
Ancel Keys
Minnesota Starvation Experiment
New cards
18
Minnesota Starvation Experiment
this experiment tested the effects of severe hunger on human psychology and physiology by having men loose 25% of their body weight, demonstrating our tendency to focus only on food when hungry, and become irritable and depressed.
New cards
19
Cannon and Washburn
Theorized that hunger pangs cause hunger which was later disproved because they are only correlated (does not prove causation). (WASHBURN SWALLOWED A BALLOON)
New cards
20
Hunger pangs
stomach growls/contractions.
New cards
21
Glucose
blood sugar that causes body to be hungry when low in body
New cards
22
lateral hypothalamus
stimulates hunger
New cards
23
ventromedial hypothalamus
Responsible for feelings of Satiation
New cards
24
Orexin
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus in response to low glucose levels
New cards
25
Ghrelin
secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain
New cards
26
Leptin
secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
New cards
27
set point theory
we are naturally predisposed to a certain weight
New cards
28
Metabolism
How quickly your body burns available energy
New cards
29
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
New cards
30
Universal Tastes
sweet, salty, bitter, sour, savory
New cards
31
Biological Taste Factors
Food that will affect our mood
New cards
32
Conditioning taste factors
tastes and food preferences influenced by memories
New cards
33
Culture taste preferences
taste and food preferences influenced by culture
New cards
34
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
New cards
35
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain
New cards
36
Binge-Eating disorder
an eating disorder in which people overeat compulsively
New cards
37
social motivation
the innate human motivation to interact with other humans
New cards
38
Sexual Response Cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
New cards
39
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)
New cards
40
excitement (sexual response cycle)
Results in genital areas becoming engorged w/ blood, vagina expands/secretes lubricant, breasts/nipples enlarge
New cards
41
plateau phase (Sexual Response Cycle)
respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level, genitals secrete fluids in preparation for coitus
New cards
42
orgasm (Sexual Response Cycle)
Involves muscle contractions & further increase in breathing/pulse/blood pressure rates; men shoot sperm and women's vagina retains sperm/sucks it in
New cards
43
Resolution/Refractory period
returns to normal functioning as the blood vessels in the genitals release the accumulated blood (women have a much shorter refractory period)
New cards
44
Emotion
The body's natural response to changes in the environment
New cards
45
sympathetic nervous system
responsible for natural physiological responses (fight or flight)
New cards
46
Amygdala
involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
New cards
47
James-Lange Theory
physiological response first that causes emotion
New cards
48
Cannon-Bard Theory
physiological response and emotion are simultaneous
New cards
49
Schachter-Singer Theory
Physiological Response, congnitive survey (conscious surveying of area), then emotion
New cards
50
Lazaru's Cognitive mediational Theory
cognitive appraisal/survey causes the biological response (physiological and emotion together)
New cards
51
Facial Feedback Theory
physiological response causes facial expression resulting in emotion
New cards
52
Paul Ekman
emotion; found that facial expressions are universal
New cards
53
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
New cards
54
Sigmund Freud (personality)
unconscious, childhood experiences shape our id, ego and super ego.
New cards
55
Id
unconscious pleasure principle
New cards
56
Superego
part of the personality that acts as a moral center
New cards
57
Ego
Regulates the Id and Superego, reality principle
New cards
58
Denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
New cards
59
Repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
New cards
60
Rationalization
Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.
New cards
61
Projection
You put your feelings of guilt on stress on someone else. insecure about something, you make every one else that thing.
New cards
62
Reaction Formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites (crush on someone, bully that person)
New cards
63
Displacement
when you take out you feeling on someone else
New cards
64
Regression
an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage
New cards
65
Identification
when you are insecure about something in your own life, so you copy someone you see as perfect
New cards
66
Compensation
When you are insecure about something so you do something really well in another area
New cards
67
Sublimation
healthy outlet for stress
New cards
68
Carl Jung
neo-Freudian who created concept of Personal vs Collective unconscious
New cards
69
collective unconscious
deepest part of our subconscious that is inherited/genetic
New cards
70
Archetypes
common themes and symbols that are inherited from our ancestors in collective unconscious
New cards
71
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; when we are born we feel inferior to those around us who are older and more experienced and as we grow we strive to overcome our inferiority and try to become superior.
New cards
72
Inferiority Complex
Someone who does not become superior or more competent as they get older. Affects their daily lives
New cards
73
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory (differences between boys and girls was mostly culture, not biology) (Womb envy) (basic Anxiety)
New cards
74
basic anxiety
anxiety that develops from our relationships with our parents and how they make us feel safe.
New cards
75
Basic Evil
parental indifference, a lack of warmth and affection in childhood, can lead to compliance, Basic Hostility, or withdraw.
New cards
76
Compliance
we seek out other people and relationships to help in the big scary world
New cards
77
Basic Hostility
agression and hostility toward other people which leads to unhealthy or abusive relationships
New cards
78
Withdrawal
we try to get away from people and don't form any nurturing or protective relationships
New cards
79
Erik Erikson
stages of psycho social development
New cards
80
Behaviorists
Personalities are formed through a series of rewards and punishments
New cards
81
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment and reciprocal Determinism
New cards
82
reciprocal determinism
personalities develop from interaction with Cognition, enviroment, and behavior
New cards
83
Julian Rotter
locus of control theory
New cards
84
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that you control your own fate
New cards
85
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
New cards
86
Humanistic Personality Approach
people strive to satisfy a hierarchy of motives toward self-actualization (Maslow)
New cards
87
Biological Personality Theories
Our personalities are inherited
New cards
88
Gordon Allport
trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary
New cards
89
Cardinal Traits
Traits that are characteristics that direct most of the person's activities (the person's dominant traits that influence all of our behaviors)
New cards
90
Central Traits
traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions (not dominant)
New cards
91
Secondary Traits
Minor specific part of personality (taste in music or what sports teams you root for)
New cards
92
Raymond Cattell
used factor analysis to identify 16 core traits
New cards
93
Factor Analysis
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
Studied by 0 people
