Psychology unit 7

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/115

flashcard set

Earn XP

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

116 Terms

1
New cards
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
2
New cards
Instincts
unlearned patterns of behavior (only explain a small portion of behaviors)
3
New cards
Drive Reduction Theory
biological needs cause drive that motivate us to maintain homeostasis
4
New cards
Primary Drives
biological needs that we don't need to learn as a driving factor
5
New cards
Secondary drives
drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth
6
New cards
arousal theory
everyone has an optimal level of tension that we need to fulfill to feel content
7
New cards
Yerkes-Dodson Law
We function better under out optimal arousal/stress point, but anything after makes us preform worse (chart my therapist drew)
8
New cards
Incentive theory
we are driven by rewarding experiences
9
New cards
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
10
New cards
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
11
New cards
self-actualization
the process by which people achieve their full potential
12
New cards
self-determination theory
a theory of motivation that proposes that every person has 3 psychological needs that motivate us. (Relatedness, Competence, and Autonomy)
13
New cards
Ryan and Deci
self-determination theory
14
New cards
overjustification effect
The tendency for someone to loose intrinsic motivation for something when they have been receiving extrinsic motivation
15
New cards
intrinsic motivation
internal motivation; completing the activity because it pleases you
16
New cards
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
17
New cards
Ancel Keys
Minnesota Starvation Experiment
18
New cards
Minnesota Starvation Experiment
this experiment tested the effects of severe hunger on human psychology and physiology by having men loose 25% of their body weight, demonstrating our tendency to focus only on food when hungry, and become irritable and depressed.
19
New cards
Cannon and Washburn
Theorized that hunger pangs cause hunger which was later disproved because they are only correlated (does not prove causation). (WASHBURN SWALLOWED A BALLOON)
20
New cards
Hunger pangs
stomach growls/contractions.
21
New cards
Glucose
blood sugar that causes body to be hungry when low in body
22
New cards
lateral hypothalamus
stimulates hunger
23
New cards
ventromedial hypothalamus
Responsible for feelings of Satiation
24
New cards
Orexin
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus in response to low glucose levels
25
New cards
Ghrelin
secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain
26
New cards
Leptin
secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
27
New cards
set point theory
we are naturally predisposed to a certain weight
28
New cards
Metabolism
How quickly your body burns available energy
29
New cards
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
30
New cards
Universal Tastes
sweet, salty, bitter, sour, savory
31
New cards
Biological Taste Factors
Food that will affect our mood
32
New cards
Conditioning taste factors
tastes and food preferences influenced by memories
33
New cards
Culture taste preferences
taste and food preferences influenced by culture
34
New cards
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
35
New cards
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain
36
New cards
Binge-Eating disorder
an eating disorder in which people overeat compulsively
37
New cards
social motivation
the innate human motivation to interact with other humans
38
New cards
Sexual Response Cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
39
New cards
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)
40
New cards
excitement (sexual response cycle)
Results in genital areas becoming engorged w/ blood, vagina expands/secretes lubricant, breasts/nipples enlarge
41
New cards
plateau phase (Sexual Response Cycle)
respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level, genitals secrete fluids in preparation for coitus
42
New cards
orgasm (Sexual Response Cycle)
Involves muscle contractions & further increase in breathing/pulse/blood pressure rates; men shoot sperm and women's vagina retains sperm/sucks it in
43
New cards
Resolution/Refractory period
returns to normal functioning as the blood vessels in the genitals release the accumulated blood (women have a much shorter refractory period)
44
New cards
Emotion
The body's natural response to changes in the environment
45
New cards
sympathetic nervous system
responsible for natural physiological responses (fight or flight)
46
New cards
Amygdala
involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
47
New cards
James-Lange Theory
physiological response first that causes emotion
48
New cards
Cannon-Bard Theory
physiological response and emotion are simultaneous
49
New cards
Schachter-Singer Theory
Physiological Response, congnitive survey (conscious surveying of area), then emotion
50
New cards
Lazaru's Cognitive mediational Theory
cognitive appraisal/survey causes the biological response (physiological and emotion together)
51
New cards
Facial Feedback Theory
physiological response causes facial expression resulting in emotion
52
New cards
Paul Ekman
emotion; found that facial expressions are universal
53
New cards
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
54
New cards
Sigmund Freud (personality)
unconscious, childhood experiences shape our id, ego and super ego.
55
New cards
Id
unconscious pleasure principle
56
New cards
Superego
part of the personality that acts as a moral center
57
New cards
Ego
Regulates the Id and Superego, reality principle
58
New cards
Denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
59
New cards
Repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
60
New cards
Rationalization
Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.
61
New cards
Projection
You put your feelings of guilt on stress on someone else. insecure about something, you make every one else that thing.
62
New cards
Reaction Formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites (crush on someone, bully that person)
63
New cards
Displacement
when you take out you feeling on someone else
64
New cards
Regression
an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage
65
New cards
Identification
when you are insecure about something in your own life, so you copy someone you see as perfect
66
New cards
Compensation
When you are insecure about something so you do something really well in another area
67
New cards
Sublimation
healthy outlet for stress
68
New cards
Carl Jung
neo-Freudian who created concept of Personal vs Collective unconscious
69
New cards
collective unconscious
deepest part of our subconscious that is inherited/genetic
70
New cards
Archetypes
common themes and symbols that are inherited from our ancestors in collective unconscious
71
New cards
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; when we are born we feel inferior to those around us who are older and more experienced and as we grow we strive to overcome our inferiority and try to become superior.
72
New cards
Inferiority Complex
Someone who does not become superior or more competent as they get older. Affects their daily lives
73
New cards
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory (differences between boys and girls was mostly culture, not biology) (Womb envy) (basic Anxiety)
74
New cards
basic anxiety
anxiety that develops from our relationships with our parents and how they make us feel safe.
75
New cards
Basic Evil
parental indifference, a lack of warmth and affection in childhood, can lead to compliance, Basic Hostility, or withdraw.
76
New cards
Compliance
we seek out other people and relationships to help in the big scary world
77
New cards
Basic Hostility
agression and hostility toward other people which leads to unhealthy or abusive relationships
78
New cards
Withdrawal
we try to get away from people and don't form any nurturing or protective relationships
79
New cards
Erik Erikson
stages of psycho social development
80
New cards
Behaviorists
Personalities are formed through a series of rewards and punishments
81
New cards
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment and reciprocal Determinism
82
New cards
reciprocal determinism
personalities develop from interaction with Cognition, enviroment, and behavior
83
New cards
Julian Rotter
locus of control theory
84
New cards
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that you control your own fate
85
New cards
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
86
New cards
Humanistic Personality Approach
people strive to satisfy a hierarchy of motives toward self-actualization (Maslow)
87
New cards
Biological Personality Theories
Our personalities are inherited
88
New cards
Gordon Allport
trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary
89
New cards
Cardinal Traits
Traits that are characteristics that direct most of the person's activities (the person's dominant traits that influence all of our behaviors)
90
New cards
Central Traits
traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions (not dominant)
91
New cards
Secondary Traits
Minor specific part of personality (taste in music or what sports teams you root for)
92
New cards
Raymond Cattell
used factor analysis to identify 16 core traits
93
New cards
Factor Analysis
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
94
New cards
Big Five Personality Traits
(OCEAN) Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
95
New cards
Openness
willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
96
New cards
Conscientiousness
the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability
97
New cards
Extraversion
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
98
New cards
Agreeableness
how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is
99
New cards
Neurotic
how negative or cynical some one is.
100
New cards
Projective Tests
tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals' personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli