Patho Exam 2 Part 1

What does the circulatory system transport?

oxygen and nutrients

The circulatory system removes _____.

metabolic wastes

The circulatory system is arranged in a _____.

circuit

Arteries and veins have _____ distinct layers.

three

Arteries are _____ than veins.

thicker

Veins have a _____ lumen and valves that arteries.

larger

_____ is a single thickness of endotherlial cells.

capillaries

Capillaries continue to narrow to a diameter only as big as an _____.

rbc

The capillary bed in brain has little space between endothelial cells resulting in the…

blood brain barrier

The capillary bed in kidneys has more space between endothelial cells which allows…

much larger molecules to move between (filter)

What is pulmonary circulation?

moves blood through the lungs and creates a link with the gas exchange function of the respiratory system

Pulmonary circulation is the _____ side of the heart.

right

What parts of the heart is pulmonary circulation?

pulmonary artery, capillaries, and veins

What is systemic circulation?

supplies all the other tissues of the body

Systemic circulation is the _____ side of the heart.

left

What parts of the heart is systemic circulation?

\-Aorta and its branches

\-Capillaries supplying the brain and peripheral tissues

\-Systemic venous system and the vena cava

What is central circulation?

blood that is in the heart and pulmonary circulation

What is peripheral circulation?

blood that is outside the central circulation

What does lymphatic circulation contain?

channels and nodes

Lymphatic circulation starts deep in _____ tissue.

connective

What is lympathic circulation?

reabsorb fluid (lymph) that leaks out of vascular network and returns to general circulation

Lymph is derived from _____.

interstitial fluids (plasma proteins and other osmotically active particles)

Lymphatic system filters the fluid at the lymph nodes and removes…

foreing particles such as bacteria

What is hemodynamics?

principles of circulatory blood flow

What are the pressure principles of flow?

\-blood moves to lower pressure (arteries to capillaries)

\-greater the pressure difference the faster the blood flow

What are the velocity principles of flow?

longer the distance, the decrease in velocity

What are the laminar/turbulent flow principles of flow?

\-laminar is less friction, turbulent is disordered flow

\-turbulent flow decreases velocity too

What are the wall tension principles of flow?

affected by wall thickness (arteries less compliant, veins very compliant)

If wall pressure falls, vessels _____.

collapses

_____ decreases as blood flows from arteries to capillaries.

mean pressure

What is laminar blood flow?

\-layering of blood components in the center of the bloodstream

\-reduces frictional forces and prevents clotting factors from coming in contact with the vessel wall

What is turbulent flow?

\-Disordered flow

\-The blood moves crosswise and lengthwise in blood vessels.

\-Describes the relation between wall tension, transmural pressure, and radius

\-States that wall tension becomes greater as the radius increases

Wall tension _____ as the wall becomes thinner.

increases (decreases as the wall becomes thicker)

What is the resistance principle of blood flow?

force that opposes movement of blood

What are determinants of resistance?

vessel length and vessel radius

Shorter vessel length; _____ resistance.

less

Larger vessel radius; _____ less resistance.

larger

Some disease processes alter the _____ of the vessel. (atherosclerosis)

radius

Viscosity of blood _____ resistance.

increases (higher hct leads to higher resistance)

What is total peripheral resistance?

resistance throughout the entire vascular system

Total peripheral resistance is also known as _____.

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Conditions that _____ systemic vascular resistance cause more work on the heart.

increase

What is microcirculation?

smallest vessels of vascular and lymphatic system

What is the capillary bed’s role in microcirculation?

to exchange gas and nutrients

Materials exchanged through diffusion move along the _____.

concentration gradient

Materials exchanged through filtration move along the _____.

pressure gradient

What is capillary fluid pressure?

\-blood pressure in the capillary \n -force pushing fluid from capillary into interstitum (hydrostatic \n pressure)

What does capillary fluid pressure depend on?

BP, flow, and resistance

What is plasma colloid osmotic pressure?

\n -plasma proteins responsible (albumin) \n -large molecules cannot move out of capillary space \n -number of dissolved molecules determines plasma colloid osmotic pressure

If pathology is an alteration in lymphatic flow then _____ develops.

lymphedema

What is edema?

excess interstitial fluid in the tissue

What are the causes of edema?

\-imbalance of any of the factors that control movement of water between the vascular compartment and the tissue spaces \n -disproportionate increase in capillary fluid pressure or \n permeability, decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure, or impaired lymph flow

What is vasomotor tone?

contraction of vascular smooth muscle

_____ is alpha receptors.

vasoconstriction

_____ is beta adrenergic receptors.

vasodilation

What are veins?

skeletal muscle activity activates venous pump \n forcing blood back to heart

What is autoregulation?

ability of blood vessels in organs to maintain constant flow

Lymph flow is enhanced by:

increased activity, increased BP, and increased RR

What is arterial blood pressure?

the pressure differences between the left and right \n sides of the heart that produce the gradient allowing \n systemic movement of blood

What is arterial blood pressure produced by?

the force of left ventricular contraction overcoming the resistance of the aorta to open the aortic valve

Arterial diameter affects arterial resistance therefore _____.

blood pressure

_____ = CO x SVR

blood pressure

Alteration of cardiac output and SVR alters _____.

blood pressure

What is systolic?

peak pressure in aorta during ventricular contraction

What is diastolic?

pressure during ventricular diastole

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic called?

pulse pressure

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

calculated average pressure within the circulatory system throughout the cardiac cycle

What is the formula for mean arterial pressure?

(2x diastolic) + systolic /3

What is the direct measurement of blood pressure?

arterial line; waveforms

What is the indirect measurement of blood pressure?

BP cuff measurements (cuff size affects and should be the same in both arms unless condition present)

What are some things that affect BP?

stress, HR, activity, and position

What is the systolic blood pressure?

peak pressure during cardiac systole

What is diastolic blood pressure?

lowest pressure during cardiac diastole

_____ is the primary factor influencing systolic pressure.

stroke volume

_____ is the major determinant of diastolic pressure.

systemic vascular resistance

What is the pulse pressure formula?

systolic - diastolic

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

baroreceptor reflex and vasomotor center in medulla

Vasomotor center is activated by:

fever or stressors

Parasympathetic nervous system _____ HR.

slow

What is the primary function of the heart?

\-pump blood through circulatory system \n -distributes oxygenated blood and nutrients to tissues

What is oxygen rich blood?

enters the heart from the lungs and goes out to the body

What is oxygen poor blood?

enters the heart from the body and goes out to the lungs

What is cardiac output (CO)?

amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute

What is the cardiac output formula?

CO = HR x SV

What is stroke volume (SV)?

amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each \n contraction

What is preload?

volume of blood in heart

What is contractility?

contractile capability of the heart

What is afterload?

impedance/resistance opposing ejection of blood from ventricle

What is ejection fraction?

influenced by preload, contractility, and afterload

What is the SA node?

pacemaker of the heart (60-100)

What is the AV node?

back up if SA node fails (40-60)

What is the echocardiography?

reflected sound waves (US) provides image of structure and motion

What is the nuclear cardiography?

radioactive tracing of blood flow patterns

What is cardiac catheterization?

structural and hemodynamic characteristics (direct measurement of pressures, visualization)

What does reduction in blood flow impair?

ability to transport oxygen, nutrients (arterial) or to return flow to remove metabolic waste (venous)​

What is a thrombus?

a clot

What is an embolus?

a clot that is on the move and we don’t know where it is going to lodge

What does a thrombus obstruct flow of?

arterial and venous flow

What does a embolus obstruct flow of?

arterial and venous flow

What does a vasospasm obstruct flow of?

arterial flow