Patho Exam 2 Part 1

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What does the circulatory system transport?

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What does the circulatory system transport?

oxygen and nutrients

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The circulatory system removes _____.

metabolic wastes

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The circulatory system is arranged in a _____.

circuit

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Arteries and veins have _____ distinct layers.

three

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Arteries are _____ than veins.

thicker

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Veins have a _____ lumen and valves that arteries.

larger

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_____ is a single thickness of endotherlial cells.

capillaries

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Capillaries continue to narrow to a diameter only as big as an _____.

rbc

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The capillary bed in brain has little space between endothelial cells resulting in the…

blood brain barrier

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The capillary bed in kidneys has more space between endothelial cells which allows…

much larger molecules to move between (filter)

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What is pulmonary circulation?

moves blood through the lungs and creates a link with the gas exchange function of the respiratory system

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Pulmonary circulation is the _____ side of the heart.

right

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What parts of the heart is pulmonary circulation?

pulmonary artery, capillaries, and veins

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What is systemic circulation?

supplies all the other tissues of the body

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Systemic circulation is the _____ side of the heart.

left

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What parts of the heart is systemic circulation?

-Aorta and its branches

-Capillaries supplying the brain and peripheral tissues

-Systemic venous system and the vena cava

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What is central circulation?

blood that is in the heart and pulmonary circulation

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What is peripheral circulation?

blood that is outside the central circulation

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What does lymphatic circulation contain?

channels and nodes

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Lymphatic circulation starts deep in _____ tissue.

connective

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What is lympathic circulation?

reabsorb fluid (lymph) that leaks out of vascular network and returns to general circulation

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Lymph is derived from _____.

interstitial fluids (plasma proteins and other osmotically active particles)

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Lymphatic system filters the fluid at the lymph nodes and removes…

foreing particles such as bacteria

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What is hemodynamics?

principles of circulatory blood flow

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What are the pressure principles of flow?

-blood moves to lower pressure (arteries to capillaries)

-greater the pressure difference the faster the blood flow

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What are the velocity principles of flow?

longer the distance, the decrease in velocity

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What are the laminar/turbulent flow principles of flow?

-laminar is less friction, turbulent is disordered flow

-turbulent flow decreases velocity too

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What are the wall tension principles of flow?

affected by wall thickness (arteries less compliant, veins very compliant)

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If wall pressure falls, vessels _____.

collapses

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_____ decreases as blood flows from arteries to capillaries.

mean pressure

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What is laminar blood flow?

-layering of blood components in the center of the bloodstream

-reduces frictional forces and prevents clotting factors from coming in contact with the vessel wall

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What is turbulent flow?

-Disordered flow

-The blood moves crosswise and lengthwise in blood vessels.

-Describes the relation between wall tension, transmural pressure, and radius

-States that wall tension becomes greater as the radius increases

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Wall tension _____ as the wall becomes thinner.

increases (decreases as the wall becomes thicker)

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What is the resistance principle of blood flow?

force that opposes movement of blood

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What are determinants of resistance?

vessel length and vessel radius

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Shorter vessel length; _____ resistance.

less

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Larger vessel radius; _____ less resistance.

larger

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Some disease processes alter the _____ of the vessel. (atherosclerosis)

radius

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Viscosity of blood _____ resistance.

increases (higher hct leads to higher resistance)

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What is total peripheral resistance?

resistance throughout the entire vascular system

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Total peripheral resistance is also known as _____.

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

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Conditions that _____ systemic vascular resistance cause more work on the heart.

increase

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What is microcirculation?

smallest vessels of vascular and lymphatic system

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What is the capillary bed’s role in microcirculation?

to exchange gas and nutrients

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Materials exchanged through diffusion move along the _____.

concentration gradient

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Materials exchanged through filtration move along the _____.

pressure gradient

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What is capillary fluid pressure?

-blood pressure in the capillary \n -force pushing fluid from capillary into interstitum (hydrostatic \n pressure)

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What does capillary fluid pressure depend on?

BP, flow, and resistance

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What is plasma colloid osmotic pressure?

\n -plasma proteins responsible (albumin) \n -large molecules cannot move out of capillary space \n -number of dissolved molecules determines plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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If pathology is an alteration in lymphatic flow then _____ develops.

lymphedema

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What is edema?

excess interstitial fluid in the tissue

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What are the causes of edema?

-imbalance of any of the factors that control movement of water between the vascular compartment and the tissue spaces \n -disproportionate increase in capillary fluid pressure or \n permeability, decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure, or impaired lymph flow

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What is vasomotor tone?

contraction of vascular smooth muscle

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_____ is alpha receptors.

vasoconstriction

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_____ is beta adrenergic receptors.

vasodilation

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What are veins?

skeletal muscle activity activates venous pump \n forcing blood back to heart

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What is autoregulation?

ability of blood vessels in organs to maintain constant flow

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Lymph flow is enhanced by:

increased activity, increased BP, and increased RR

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What is arterial blood pressure?

the pressure differences between the left and right \n sides of the heart that produce the gradient allowing \n systemic movement of blood

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What is arterial blood pressure produced by?

the force of left ventricular contraction overcoming the resistance of the aorta to open the aortic valve

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Arterial diameter affects arterial resistance therefore _____.

blood pressure

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_____ = CO x SVR

blood pressure

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Alteration of cardiac output and SVR alters _____.

blood pressure

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What is systolic?

peak pressure in aorta during ventricular contraction

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What is diastolic?

pressure during ventricular diastole

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What is the difference between systolic and diastolic called?

pulse pressure

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What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

calculated average pressure within the circulatory system throughout the cardiac cycle

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What is the formula for mean arterial pressure?

(2x diastolic) + systolic /3

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What is the direct measurement of blood pressure?

arterial line; waveforms

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What is the indirect measurement of blood pressure?

BP cuff measurements (cuff size affects and should be the same in both arms unless condition present)

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What are some things that affect BP?

stress, HR, activity, and position

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What is the systolic blood pressure?

peak pressure during cardiac systole

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What is diastolic blood pressure?

lowest pressure during cardiac diastole

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_____ is the primary factor influencing systolic pressure.

stroke volume

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_____ is the major determinant of diastolic pressure.

systemic vascular resistance

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What is the pulse pressure formula?

systolic - diastolic

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What is the sympathetic nervous system?

baroreceptor reflex and vasomotor center in medulla

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Vasomotor center is activated by:

fever or stressors

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Parasympathetic nervous system _____ HR.

slow

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What is the primary function of the heart?

-pump blood through circulatory system \n -distributes oxygenated blood and nutrients to tissues

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What is oxygen rich blood?

enters the heart from the lungs and goes out to the body

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What is oxygen poor blood?

enters the heart from the body and goes out to the lungs

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What is cardiac output (CO)?

amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute

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What is the cardiac output formula?

CO = HR x SV

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