the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
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fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidential cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
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central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
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conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
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social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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group polarization
the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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norm
an understood role for accepted and expected behavior
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prejudice
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to disciminatory action
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stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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in-group
“Us” - people with whom we share a common identity
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outgroup
“Them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
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in-group bias
the tendency to favor our own group
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scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
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aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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frustration-agression principle
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
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social script
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
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mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usual present at the beginning of a love relationship
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compassionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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equity
a condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of onself to others
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altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have healed them
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social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
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conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views that othe r side as evil and aggressive
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self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
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superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation