RADAR / LIDAR RECERTIFICATION

An Officer is justified in a speeding stop based on his estimate of observed speed even though he was never trained in speed estimation.

State vs. Barnhill

Lidar Recert is how many hours? Weeks?

10 hours, 1 week

Atoms of the lasing medium are put into an?

excited state by an external energy source

Requires only evidence that the operator knew basic operational procedures *court case

Honeycutt vs. Commonwealth

Radar gives officers a ___________ _______________ _______________ measurement of the speed of a suspected speeder

on the spot

Minimum RADAR recertification is ____________ hours __________ weeks

6 hours, 1 week

Lidar Operator course shall consist of ___________ hours and not exceed ____________weeks

10 hours, four weeks

Fatalities were reduced by ______________________ at the end of 1974

8,856 or 16.8%

LASER acronym

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

KA band Wavelength

4/5 centimeter

X band Wavelength

3 centimeters

As a result of the oil embargo what percentage of spinal cord injuries were dropped to in some parts of the country?

60-70%

Percent of fatal crashes occur in a local jurisdiction?

25%

An officers opinion used for evidence is admissible as long as the officer can?

demonstrate training or experience upon which to base an opinion

Traffic LIDAR uses a ____________________________ type laser

Semi Conductor

The number of waves transmitted in one second equals the?

frequency

RADAR's signal speed stays the same but _____________ and ___________ both change

wavelength and frequency

A RADAR beam will be more than 57 feet wide ______________feet away

300 feet

RADAR units radio transmitter must be licensed by?

Federal Communications Commission FCC

North Carolina's Speed Statute

20-141

Before and After testing *court case

Royals vs. Commonwealth

Court case concerning moving RADAR?

State vs. Hanson

Court case concerning Judicial Notice of Doppler Principle?

State vs. Dantonio

The ______________________________ of the relative motion determines exactly how much higher or lower the reflected signal will be?

Speed

Whenever there is relative motion between RADAR and a solid object the frequency of the reflected signal will be ______________________________ than the frequency of the transmitted signal.

Different

LIDAR is used when referring to speed measuring instruments that employ laser technology for _____________________________________________ measurements

Down The Road

The number of spinal cord injuries caused by auto crashes dropped as much as _____________________% in some areas of the country.

60-70%

NC has no ____________________________ law?

prima facie speed law

LIDAR signal possess the same three distinguishable characteristics as other forms of electromagnetic wave energy. They are ___________. _____________,_____________

Wavelength, Frequency, Signal speed

LIDAR does NOT depend upon __________________________________ for obtaining speed measurements

specific reference points

Laser energy is energy generated by sandwhiching a piece of active material known as the ___________________________________________________.

lasing medium between two mirrors

State agency that implements Lidar/Radar?

Criminal Justice Education & Training Standards Commission

What percent of instructional hours is required by the commission for LIDAR?

100%

What percentage is needed to pass written exam for LIDAR?

70%

LIDAR is only a _________________________?

tool

In order for a LIDAR device to be approved it must be on what list?

IACP Consumer Products List

The target in almost all challenges to LIDAR is?

Human Error

LIDAR acronym

Light Detection and Ranging

LIDAR employs _________________________________________ method for taking measurements to determine the target vehicle speed.

time of flight

LIDAR travels at ___________________________speed (name three measurements)

1. Speed of Light, 2. 186,000 miles per second, 3. 30 billion centimeters per second

Light will travel indefinitely unless....

reflected, refracted, or absorbed

Four facts of RADAR used in court

Operator Held Certification, Operator Followed Procedure, Instrument was Approved, Instrument was Calibrated

Formula for moving RADAR front antenna

TS= Closing Speed-Patrol Speed

Formula for moving RADAR rear antenna

TS= Separation Speed-Patrol Speed

Formula for Same Direction TARGET FASTER

TS= PS + CS/SS

Formula for Same Direction TARGET SLOWER

TS=PS - CS/SS

RADAR operators must complete supervised field practice within how many days?

90 days

Minimum hours for RADAR is _____________ hours ____________ weeks?

30 hours, 4 weeks

Initial RADAR certification score?

70%

RADAR Recertification score?

75%

Learning how to RADAR is important but it is not our basic goal. We are primarily concerned with?

Speed Enforcement

"with a reckless disregard of the right of others" *court case

Brazier vs. City of Philadelphia

Average reaction time of a person

3/4 of a second

A vehicle traveling at 20 MPH will travel _____________feet before a person reacts to a hazard

22 feet

No person should drive at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under existing conditions is the definition of the _____________________________________________?

Basic Speed Law

Prima Facie means

"at first sight"

Speed limits are known as _______________________ speed law?

Absolute

In 1974 the nationwide maximum speed limit was set at _____________MPH

55 MPH

With a 5 mph increase in the national speed limit what % in the number of fatalities were expected?

9%

What % of fatal crashes in NC occur in local jurisdictions?

25%

A vehicle traveling at 40 mph will require _________________ feet to bring the vehicle to a stop?

44 feet

RADAR acronym

Radio Detection and Ranging

Police RADAR provides speed reading but not the___________?

Range to the target (except some new ones, yds &ft)

Wavelength is literally the physical distance or length from the?

beginning of the peak to the end of the valley

Hertz=One Cycle per second=One wave per second True or False?

True

Radio signals travel at what speed?

The Speed of Light

X Band has how many gigahertz?

10.525

K Band has how many gigahertz?

24.150

KA Band has how many gigahertz?

33.4-36

Austrian physicist that discovered relative motion causes frequency change?

Christian Johann Doppler

With sound waves "pitch" is another word for

frequency

If the relative motion is brining the object and the RADAR closer together the reflected signal will have a _______________ ___________________ than the transmitted signal?

higher frequency

If the relative motion is brining the object and the RADAR farther apart the reflected signal will have a _______________ ___________________ than the transmitted signal?

lower frequency

Angular effect is also known as?

cosine effect

Stationary RADAR must be set up so the angle is NOT greater than?

20 degrees

If visible a RADAR beam would resemble a cone containing a ______________________________ core?

cigar shaped, elongated

Most of the RADAR beam's energy is in the __________________ central core

cigar shaped

Speed disappears and shows back up is a sign of?

multi path beam cancellation

Glass reflects RADAR energy well?

False

Purposeful attempts to create false or distorted RADAR signals is known as what?

jamming

Moving RADAR transmits _________________ signals? It receives ____________ signals?

1 transmitted, two received

Shadowing effect does not effect the ___________________ radar mode?

stationary

Slight time lags in moving RADAR's computing cycle is known as?

batching

Two vehicles traveling in the same direction produce a _____________________ Doppler shift?

smaller

Same direction RADAR units are limited in the range of the target and will not process target speeds closer than __________________________ MPH from the patrol vehicle speed

3-6 mph

RADAR is moved while in stationary mode can cause what effect?

scanning effect

This effect can happen when a two piece RADAR unit's whose antenna and counting box are separate but connected to a cable

panning effect

"lay opinion" is admissible even if the officer cannot be considered an expert in the field *court case

Stafford vs. Karman

Lidar Signal is ________________________Terahertz

330 trillion/ 330 terahertz

A laser beam is__________________________________?

light allowed to escape and pass through the optical resonator

The court of appeals determined that 75 MPH in a 70 MPH zone was not unreasonable and officers should NOT stop unless they have coo berating evidence. True or False?

True

Low Doppler shift comes from?

the ground

High Doppler shift comes from

the target vehicle

Some new RADAR units display range in what form?

yards or feet

LIDAR units shall be tested for accuracy within what period?

12 months

The tone on a LIDAR is NOT__________________________?

doppler

LIDAR devices are considered class 1 devices by the?

Food & Drug Administration

time-distance formula

S=D/T

RADAR reliability ACT statute?

8-50.2

The validity of scientific principles used in a speed measurement device have been resolved through?

Judicial Notice